Can Protanopia Be Correctly Diagnosed in Clinical Practice? An Evaluation of Diagnosis by Four Screening Tests

Davison, Peter A.; Scanlon, Grainne

doi:10.1097/opx.0000000000001582

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…A study by Davison and colleagues compared these tests to the anomaloscope and found that the Ishihara test performed the poorest in differentiating protanopes and deuteranopes, while the HRR and Mollon Reffin test were the most effective in identifying protanopia accurately. 6 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Colour vision restrictions for driving: an evidence-based perspective on regulations in ASEAN countries compared to other countries

Tan

Wongsawad²,

Hurairah

et al. 2023

The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Qualitative tests include the Farnsworth 15 panel and pseudoisochromatic colour plate tests, such as the Ishihara test, 5 the Hardy Rand and Rittler (HRR) and the Mollon Reffin test. 6 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colour vision restrictions for driving: an evidence-based perspective on regulations in ASEAN countries compared to other countries

Tan

Wongsawad²,

Hurairah

et al. 2023

The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Her classification was based on seeing either one numeral or luminance contrast of paired numerals in the diagnostic plates. Other scholars are still concerned about the validity of the Ishihara diagnostic plates 41,42 . The anomaloscope is an expensive device that is not available in most clinics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative scoring methods of the Farnsworth D15 and Waggoner computerized D15 color vision tests in clinical practice

Almustanyir

Alduhayan

Alhassan

et al. 2021

Color Research & Application

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The Farnsworth D15 (FR‐D15) color vision test is generally used to determine whether individuals with color vision defects have good color discrimination to perform their jobs safely. The Waggoner computerized color vision test D15 (WC‐D15) is a computerized version of the FR‐D15 test. This study aimed to evaluate the color differences vectors analyses (CDV) quantitative scoring in clinical practice using the FR‐D15 and WC‐D15 color vision tests. Fifty‐nine individuals with congenital red‐green color vision deficiency participated in this study. All participants were screened with the Ishihara, Waggoner Pseudoisochromatic plates, and City University Tests. Participants also completed FR‐D15 and WC‐D15 tests. The number of crossings, and CDV indices, including the confusion index, total error score, specificity index, and angle were assessed. There were significant correlations between the number of crossings and each of the CDV parameters. Results of both D15 tests showed that defects classified by confusion angles improve with an increase in crossings. The correct diagnosis rate improved when the criterion of failure was relaxed compared to the generally accepted criteria of ≥2. A CDV angle of either 0° or −3° accurately classifies defects as protan or deutan. Quantitative measurements of the FR‐D15 and WC‐D15 color vision tests showed good results in detecting color vision deficiency and diagnosing the type of defect. The CDV parameters positively correlated with the traditional evaluation of the defect's presence by counting the crossings. It is more accurate for clinicians to interpret their results using the CDV parameters.

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Comparative analysis of four color vision screening tests benchmarked by anomaloscopy for detection and investigation of protanomaly and deuteranomaly

Davison,

Scanlon

2024

Color Research & Application

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SignificanceClinicians, occupational health personnel, and educationalists need to make an appropriate choice of color vision screening test or tests when screening for color vision deficiency (CVD). Four color vision screening tests were assessed on the same sample of subjects against the anomaloscope as a reference, enabling direct comparison of these tests. Two of the tests are available in revised form, one has received little attention for inherited CVDs.PurposeThe objective of this study was to examine three new or revised color vision screening tests, together with the Ishihara, on their (1) sensitivity, (2) specificity, and (3) ability to provide a tentative assessment of severity and of differentiation between protanomaly and deuteranomaly deficiencies.MethodsData from 104 color deficient and 38 color normal subjects were analyzed. The Hardy–Rand–Rittler (4th edition), City University (3rd edition), Ishihara (2005), and Mollon–Reffin tests were evaluated against the Oculus Heidelberg multi‐color anomaloscope. All screening tests were performed before anomaloscopy.ResultsSensitivity was comparable for the Ishihara, Hardy–Rand–Rittler, and City University tests (Chi‐square = 3.26, df = 2, p > 0.05), whereas the Mollon–Reffin had best specificity (100% using a threshold value of two). Compared with all other screening tests the Hardy–Rand–Rittler was the best at correctly classifying a deficiency: protanomaly (75%) and deuteranomaly (82%). While the Ishihara was good at detecting deutans (100%), it misclassified 100% of protans as being deutan. Finally, the Hardy–Rand–Rittler was the only screening test to successfully separate mild from medium severity of deficiency.ConclusionsSelection of screening test is dependent on the intended outcome of screening. Referral for more definitive CVD assessment is the preferred option.

show abstract

Can Protanopia Be Correctly Diagnosed in Clinical Practice? An Evaluation of Diagnosis by Four Screening Tests

Cited by 4 publications

References 16 publications

Colour vision restrictions for driving: an evidence-based perspective on regulations in ASEAN countries compared to other countries

Colour vision restrictions for driving: an evidence-based perspective on regulations in ASEAN countries compared to other countries

Quantitative scoring methods of the Farnsworth D15 and Waggoner computerized D15 color vision tests in clinical practice

Comparative analysis of four color vision screening tests benchmarked by anomaloscopy for detection and investigation of protanomaly and deuteranomaly

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