Can prepared responses be stored subcortically?

Carlsen, Anthony N.; Chua, Romeo; Inglis, James; Sanderson, David J.; Franks, Ian M.

doi:10.1007/s00221-004-1924-z

Cited by 162 publications

(184 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…For reasons unrelated to startle, some dual-task experiments utilize choice-reaction time paradigms where more than one response alternative exists instead of the simple reaction time paradigm utilized in the current study. In motor control literature, movements produced during choice reaction time para- digms are inconsistently influenced by StartReact effects compared with the highly robust results observed when producing the same movement in simple reaction time paradigms (Carlsen et al 2004(Carlsen et al , 2011. Thus, although the full extent of StartReact effects in dual-task scenarios remains unclear, the possibility for StartReact effects to interact with voluntary movements during dual-task paradigms alone warrants further examination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

First trial and StartReact effects induced by balance perturbations to upright stance

Campbell

Squair

Chua

et al. 2013

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Campbell AD, Squair JW, Chua R, Inglis JT, Carpenter MG. First trial and StartReact effects induced by balance perturbations to upright stance. J Neurophysiol 110: 2236 -2245, 2013. First published August 14, 2013 doi:10.1152/jn.00766.2012.-Postural responses (PR) to a balance perturbation differ between the first and subsequent perturbations. One explanation for this first trial effect is that perturbations act as startling stimuli that initiate a generalized startle response (GSR) as well as the PR. Startling stimuli, such as startling acoustic stimuli (SAS), are known to elicit GSRs, as well as a StartReact effect, in which prepared movements are initiated earlier by a startling stimulus. In this study, a StartReact effect paradigm was used to determine if balance perturbations can also act as startle stimuli. Subjects completed two blocks of simple reaction time trials involving wrist extension to a visual imperative stimulus (IS). Each block included 15 CONTROL trials that involved a warning cue and subsequent IS, followed by 10 repeated TEST trials, where either a SAS (TEST SAS ) or a toes-up support-surface rotation (TEST PERT ) was presented coincident with the IS. StartReact effects were observed during the first trial in both TEST SAS and TEST PERT conditions as evidenced by significantly earlier wrist movement and muscle onsets compared with CONTROL. Likewise, StartReact effects were observed in all repeated TEST SAS and TEST PERT trials. In contrast, GSRs in sternocleidomastoid and PRs were large in the first trial, but significantly attenuated over repeated presentation of the TEST PERT trials. Results suggest that balance perturbations can act as startling stimuli. Thus first trial effects are likely PRs which are superimposed with a GSR that is initially large, but habituates over time with repeated exposure to the startling influence of the balance perturbation.first trial effect; postural responses; startle; StartReact effect; reaction time IN A REPEATED SEQUENCE OF trials involving discrete balance perturbations, amplitudes of postural responses (PRs) evoked by the first trial are significantly larger compared with subsequent trials involving the same postural stimulus (Bloem et al. 1998a;Chong et al. 1999;Hansen et al. 1988;Keshner et al. 1987;

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

First trial and StartReact effects induced by balance perturbations to upright stance

Campbell

Squair

Chua

et al. 2013

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…Similarly, Forgaard et al (2011) found participants released motor acts whose amplitude fell between targets when 5 their movements were triggered by LAS. In contrast, however, some authors failed to detect any facilitation of movement initiation in tasks where participants had multiple movement choices (Carlsen et al, 2004). Thus, it seems that under certain circumstances, this relatively simple technique may be able to provide a readout of the state of motor preparation slightly prior to the voluntary decision to move.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Unexpected acoustic stimulation during action preparation reveals gradual re-specification of movement direction

et al. 2017

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(2017) Unexpected acoustic stimulation during action preparation reveals gradual respecification of movement direction. Neuroscience, 348 . pp. 23-32. Permanent WRAP URL:http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/88345 Copyright and reuse:The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work by researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions. Copyright © and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in WRAP has been checked for eligibility before being made available.Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the 'permanent WRAP url' above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription.For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: wrap@warwick.ac.uk 1 Title: Unexpected acoustic stimulation during action preparation reveals gradual respecification of movement direction. Neuroscience (accepted)Running Head: Sounds reveal gradual re-specification of actions. Authors and AffiliationsWelber Marinovic 1 *, James Tresilian 2 , Jack L. AbstractA loud auditory stimulus (LAS), delivered during movement preparation, can help the initiation and execution of planned actions. LAS is often used as a tool to investigate motor preparation in simple reaction time (RT) tasks, where all movement parameters are known in advance. In this report, we used LAS to examine direction specification in simple and choice RT tasks. This approach allowed us to investigate how the specification of movement direction unfolds during preparation. In two experiments, participants responded to the appearance of an imperative stimulus (IS) with a ballistic wrist force directed towards one of two targets. In probe trials, LAS (120 dBa) was delivered around the time of IS presentation. In Experiment 1, reaction times in the simple RT task were faster when the LAS was presented, but the effect on the movement kinematics was negligible. In the Choice RT task, however, movement direction variability increased when the LAS was presented. In Experiment 2, when we primed movements towards one direction, our analyses revealed that the longer participants took to start a movement, the more accurate their responses became. Our results show not only that movement direction reprogramming occurs quickly and continuously, but also that LAS can be a valuable tool to obtain meaningful readouts of the state of the motor system for action.

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“…Since a similar difference (18 ms average) in onset latencies between the sled acceleration-only and tone-only trials was observed in the present experiment (Table 6), the combination of the stimuli appears to be responsible for the advanced muscle onset time. Advanced onset times have been observed in acoustically startled volunteers performing simple reaction-time tasks (9,10,30,37) and are reportedly shifts from voluntary latencies to startle reflex latencies. Similarly, the advanced muscle responses to the combined stimuli could suggest that the startle initiates a faster execution of the neural responses triggered by a sudden whole body forward acceleration.…”

Section: Summation Of the Startle And Sled Perturbation Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction between acoustic startle and habituated neck postural responses in seated subjects

Blouin

Siegmund²,

Inglis³

2007

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Blouin JS, Siegmund GP, Inglis JT. Interaction between acoustic startle and habituated neck postural responses in seated subjects. J Appl Physiol 102: 1574 -1586, 2007. First published December 14, 2006; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00703.2006.-Postural and startle responses rapidly habituate with repeated exposures to the same stimulus, and the first exposure to a seated forward acceleration elicits a startle response in the neck muscles. Our goal was to examine how the acoustic startle response is integrated with the habituated neck postural response elicited by forward accelerations of seated subjects. In experiment 1, 14 subjects underwent 11 sequential forward accelerations followed by 5 additional sled accelerations combined with a startling tone (124-dB sound pressure level) initiated 18 ms after sled acceleration onset. During the acceleration-only trials, changes consistent with habituation occurred in the root-mean-square amplitude of the neck muscles and in the peak amplitude of five head and torso kinematic variables. The subsequent addition of the startling tone restored the amplitude of the neck muscles and four of the five kinematic variables but shortened onset of muscle activity by 9 -12 ms. These shortened onset times were further explored in experiment 2, wherein 16 subjects underwent 11 acceleration-only trials followed by 15 combined acceleration-tone trials with interstimulus delays of 0, 13, 18, 23, and 28 ms. Onset times shortened further for the 0-and 13-ms delays but did not lengthen for the 23-and 28-ms delays. These temporal and spatial changes in EMG can be explained by a summation of the excitatory drive converging at or before the neck muscle motoneurons. The present observations suggest that habituation to repeated sled accelerations involves extinguishing the startle response and tuning the postural response to the whole body disturbance. posture; neck muscle reflexes; habituation POSTURAL RESPONSES RAPIDLY adapt with repeated exposures to the same perturbation in standing (2,19,24), seated (3, 34), and supine (2) individuals. This process of adaptation, called habituation (18), typically consists of attenuated muscle activity and related kinematic changes. Startle responses also habituate rapidly to repeated startling stimuli (2,8,16,17,21,38,44), and the time course of this habituation is similar to that observed after repeated whole body accelerations. On the basis of this similarity, it was first proposed (1, 2, 29) and more recently shown (5) that the initially elevated, prehabituation muscle response during the first whole body acceleration is in part a startle response.Startle responses can be evoked by sudden tactile, vestibular, or auditory stimuli (45) but are most often studied using acoustic stimuli. Axial and appendicular muscles respond to acoustic startle (16), but the strongest and most consistent response occurs in the neck muscles, particularly the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle (8). Since consistent neck muscle responses are also evoked by forward accelerations ...

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Can prepared responses be stored subcortically?

Cited by 162 publications

References 17 publications

First trial and StartReact effects induced by balance perturbations to upright stance

First trial and StartReact effects induced by balance perturbations to upright stance

Unexpected acoustic stimulation during action preparation reveals gradual re-specification of movement direction

Interaction between acoustic startle and habituated neck postural responses in seated subjects

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