“…(Shen and Miguel Villas-Boas, 2018;Esteves and Cerqueira, 2017), behavior-based pricing with vertical differentiation (Garella et al, 2021;Umezawa, 2022), the observability of behavior-based pricing (Li et al, 2020), and fairness concerns when behavior-based pricing practices are observed (Li and Jain, 2016). In response to recent developments in data protection regulations, behavior-based pricing is studied when firms can personalize prices and products (Capponi et al, 2021;Esteves, 2022;Laussel and Resende, 2022), the ability of firms to share customer information (De Nijs, 2017;Choe et al, 2022Choe et al, , 2023, and consumer control over their data (Choe et al, 2018). While there are empirical studies on behavior-based pricing (Asplund et al, 2008;Cosguner et al, 2017), it might prove problematic to disentangle the aforementioned factors and explicitly verify the mechanics of theoretical models.…”