Can mind perception explain virtuous character judgments of artificial intelligence?

Shank, Daniel Burton; North, Mallory; Arnold, Carson; Gamez, Patrick

doi:10.1037/tmb0000047

Cited by 6 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…That is, participants more actively consider the narrator's thoughts and feelings and are more emotionally moved by the narrator's story when that narrator is presented as a human compared to conditions in which the narrator is presented as an AI. This aligns with existing research in which mind (capacity to think and feel) is perceived as higher in humans than AI agents(Gray & Wegner, 2012;Guzman, 2020;Shank, North, Arnold, & Gamez, 2021).subsample of non-role-taking respondents. In the present work, we explore non-role-takers in the qualitative section.…”

supporting

confidence: 88%

Gender Dynamics in Human-AI Role-Taking

Davis¹,

Shank²,

Love³

et al. 2022

Advances in Group Processes

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Role-taking is a basic social process underpinning much of the structural social psychology paradigm-a paradigm built on empirical studies of human interaction. Yet today, our social worlds are occupied by bots, voice assistants, decision aids, and other machinic entities collectively referred to as artificial intelligence (AI). The integration of AI into daily life presents both challenges and opportunities for social psychologists. Through a vignette study, we investigate role-taking and gender in human-AI relations. Participants read a first-person narrative attributed to either a human or AI, with varied gender presentation based on a feminine or masculine first name. Participants then infer the narrator's thoughts and feelings and report on their own emotions, producing indicators of cognitive and affective role-taking. Overall, participants score higher on role-taking measures when the narrator is human versus AI. However, gender dynamics differ between Human and AI conditions. When the text is attributed to a human, masculinized narrators elicit stronger role-taking responses than their feminized counterparts, and women participants score higher on role-taking measures than men. This aligns with prior research on gender, status, and role-taking variation. When the text is attributed to an AI, results deviate from established findings and in some cases, reverse. We supplement results with qualitative analysis from two open-ended survey questions. This first study of human-AI role-taking tests the scope of key theoretical tenets and sets a foundation for addressing group processes in a newly emergent form.

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supporting

confidence: 88%

Gender Dynamics in Human-AI Role-Taking

Davis¹,

Shank²,

Love³

et al. 2022

Advances in Group Processes

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“…That is, if a listener has neutral feelings towards a piece of music, the identity of the composer (or any other contextual factors) may not influence their feelings about it. In many cases, especially those dealing with aesthetics or human domains, judgments of AIs are similar to those of humans, only weaker (Jago, 2019; Longoni & Cian, 2020; Shank, 2014) potentially due to AIs being perceived as liminal minds without the full range of agency and experience (Gamez et al, 2020; Gray et al, 2007; Shank et al, 2021). For AI’s aesthetic compositions specifically, research has found that people have different schemas related to whether an AI can actually create true “art” (Hong, 2018), and this significantly alters their evaluation of the composition (Hong & Curran, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

AI composer bias: Listeners like music less when they think it was composed by an AI.

Shank¹,

Stefanik²,

Stuhlsatz³

et al. 2023

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

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The use of artificial intelligence (AI) to compose music is becoming mainstream. Yet, there is a concern that listeners may have biases against AIs. Here, we test the hypothesis that listeners will like music less if they think it was composed by an AI. In Study 1, participants listened to excerpts of electronic and classical music and rated how much they liked the excerpts and whether they thought they were composed by an AI or human. Participants were more likely to attribute an AI composer to electronic music and liked music less that they thought was composed by an AI. In Study 2, we directly manipulated composer identity by telling participants that the music they heard (electronic music) was composed by an AI or by a human, yet we found no effect of composer identity on liking. We hypothesized that this was due to the "AI-sounding" nature of electronic music. Therefore, in Study 3, we used a set of "human-sounding" classical music excerpts. Here, participants liked the music less when it was purportedly composed by an AI. We conclude with implications of the AI composer bias for understanding perception of AIs in arts and aesthetic processing theories more broadly. Public Significance StatementArtificial intelligence (AI)-computers making intelligent decisions or emulating humans-is revolutionizing the music industry. Yet, very little is known about how people emotionally respond to AIgenerated music. The findings of the present work indicate that listeners tend to be biased against music that they think was created by an AI if the music itself does not fit expectations of what an AI could create.

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“…In fact, in a nonnarrative context, differences in the perceived credibility of news articles by creative AI (compared to human journalists) have repeatedly been attributed to different perceptions of the authors characteristics (Graefe et al, 2018; Tandoc et al, 2020; Waddell, 2018). A large body of research indicates that recipients ascribe humans and AI different characteristics or capabilities to accomplish tasks, depending on their mind perception (e.g., Gray et al, 2007; Gray & Wegner, 2012; Shank et al, 2021; Waytz & Norton, 2014). In the dimensions of mind perception by Gray et al (2007), AI and robots are often perceived to have a certain degree of agency (the ability to plan and act accordingly) but lack experience (the ability to feel, sense, and have a personality).…”

Section: Narrative Transportation and Authorship Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creative artificial intelligence and narrative transportation.

Messingschlager¹,

Appel²

2022

Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used to accomplish complex tasks, including the creation of artworks and entertainment products. Our focus here is on user responses to AI systems as authors of fictional stories. Across two experiments, we examined how the information that a story was written by AI influences narrative transportation and related experiences. In Experiment 1 (N = 325) the information that an AI had created a short story (contemporary fiction) reduced narrative transportation into this story. Experiment 2 (N = 489) was an extended replication in which genre differences (contemporary fiction vs. science fiction) were addressed. As expected, ostensible AI authorship reduced transportation, but this effect was qualified by genre: Whereas the AI-authorship effect was replicated for contemporary fiction stories, transportation did not differ between human and AI authorship when participants read science fiction stories. Across both experiments, individual differences (openness, affinity for technology and attitude toward AI) did not moderate the effect of AI authorship on any of the dependent variables.

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Can mind perception explain virtuous character judgments of artificial intelligence?

Cited by 6 publications

References 58 publications

Gender Dynamics in Human-AI Role-Taking

Gender Dynamics in Human-AI Role-Taking

AI composer bias: Listeners like music less when they think it was composed by an AI.

Creative artificial intelligence and narrative transportation.

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