Can Mechanical Strain and Aspect Ratio Be Used to Determine Codominant Unions in Red Maple without Included Bark

Dahle, Gregory A.; Eckenrode, Robert T.; Smiley, E. Thomas; DeVallance, David; Holásková, Ida

doi:10.3390/f13071007

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…One measure used to describe the codominance of stems is their diameter ratio. In most studies, load-bearing capacity decreased when this ratio approached one [13,16,22,44]. There might be a threshold value of around 0.7-0.8 [22], beyond which load-bearing capacity decreases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In most studies, load-bearing capacity decreased when this ratio approached one [13,16,22,44]. There might be a threshold value of around 0.7-0.8 [22], beyond which load-bearing capacity decreases. The present study found no significant effect of branch aspect ratio in F. sylvatica and A. pseudoplatanus, maybe because the spread in the data was rather low (the branch aspect ratio of the samples ranged from 0.7 to 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Trees Adjust the Shape of Branch Unions to Increase Their Load-Bearing Capacity

Rust¹

2023

Forests

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The likelihood of branch union failure often needs to be assessed in tree risk assessment. Most of the guidance used in practice is based on the shape of these forks, specifically the shape (“U” or “V”), the angle between the branches, the presence of lateral bulges, and the aspect ratio of the branches. This study extends previous studies with a novel approach to the biomechanical analysis of fork shape and contributes results from destructive tests on two important European tree species, using comparatively large trees. Surprisingly, many samples deviated from the expected pattern of constant or decreasing cross-sectional area from the trunk beyond the fork. The results show three mechanisms that counteract the potential weakening at a bifurcation, two of which have not been documented before: an increase in section modulus from the stem base to where the stems part, an increase in section modulus caused by lateral bulging, and an increase in section modulus in the branches caused by an adjusted shape. Neither the shape of the forks nor the amount of included bark had a significant impact on their strength. Like several previous studies, the results of this study caution against the use of simple rules to assess the likelihood of branch union failure. The increasing availability of “digital twins” of urban trees may help us to use these results to assess the shape of branch unions in a quantitative way.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Trees Adjust the Shape of Branch Unions to Increase Their Load-Bearing Capacity

Rust¹

2023

Forests

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“…Applying 3D-DIC on root-trunk transition zones, Beezley et al (2020) analyzed how forces are transmitted and distributed through pin oak trees, contributing to the risk assessment of damaged trees. Eckenrode (2017) studied branch attachments and used 3D-DIC to gain a better understanding of how and why branch failure occurs, resulting in publications on branch union load distribution in oak (Eckenrode et al, 2022) and red maple (Dahle et al, 2022) trees.…”

Section: Dic and Dvc For Wood And Tree Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital image correlation techniques for motion analysis and biomechanical characterization of plants

Mylo,

Poppinga

2024

Front. Plant Sci.

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Temporally and spatially complex 3D deformation processes appear in plants in a variety of ways and are difficult to quantify in detail by classical cinematographic methods. Furthermore, many biomechanical test methods, e.g. regarding compression or tension, result in quasi-2D deformations of the tested structure, which are very time-consuming to analyze manually regarding strain fields. In materials testing, the contact-free optical 2D- or 3D-digital image correlation method (2D/3D-DIC) is common practice for similar tasks, but is still rather seldom used in the fundamental biological sciences. The present review aims to highlight the possibilities of 2D/3D-DIC for the plant sciences. The equipment, software, and preparative prerequisites are introduced in detail and advantages and disadvantages are discussed. In addition to the analysis of wood and trees, where DIC has been used since the 1990s, this is demonstrated by numerous recent approaches in the contexts of parasite-host attachment, cactus joint biomechanics, fruit peel impact resistance, and slow as well as fast movement phenomena in cones and traps of carnivorous plants. Despite some technical and preparative efforts, DIC is a very powerful tool for full-field 2D/3D displacement and strain analyses of plant structures, which is suitable for numerous in-depth research questions in the fields of plant biomechanics and morphogenesis.

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“…For example, quasi-static pull tests have been used to assess the loss in load-bearing capacity associated with defects of the roots [20], trunk [21][22][23], and crown [24]. Analogous approaches have been used to investigate the loss in load-bearing capacity of codominant branch unions with [25][26][27][28][29] and without [26,[30][31] included bark. In these studies, the load-bearing capacity of codominant unions were compared to the load-bearing capacity of unions that include a plainly dominant stem and subordinate branch, as measured by their respective diameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defective or Just Different? Predicting Storm Failure in Four Urban Tree Growth Patterns

Koeser¹,

Klein²,

Hauer³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Practitioners who assess the risk associated with urban trees often factor in the presence or absence of visual tree defects when determining whether a tree may fail. While these defects are a main fixture in many tree risk assessment systems and best management practices, the research supporting their usefulness in predicting tree failure during storms is limited. When looking at past research involving populations of storm-damaged trees, there are several defects that have never predicted failure (or have been associated with reduced rates of failure). In this study, we took a closer look at four such defects: codominant branches; branch unions with included bark; multiple stems originating from the same point; and overextended branches. After Hurricane Ian, we revisited 1519 risk assessed trees where one of these four defects was identified as the primary condition of concern. Fourteen of these trees experienced branch failure during the storm (which hit the study area as a downgraded tropical storm). Upon closer inspection, none of these failures occurred at the defect of concern. Our findings indicate that none of the defects assessed appeared to increase the likelihood of tree failure in the species tested. Our results are in line with past research on these defects derived from post-storm assessments and analysis.

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Can Mechanical Strain and Aspect Ratio Be Used to Determine Codominant Unions in Red Maple without Included Bark

Cited by 4 publications

References 40 publications

Trees Adjust the Shape of Branch Unions to Increase Their Load-Bearing Capacity

Trees Adjust the Shape of Branch Unions to Increase Their Load-Bearing Capacity

Digital image correlation techniques for motion analysis and biomechanical characterization of plants

Defective or Just Different? Predicting Storm Failure in Four Urban Tree Growth Patterns

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