Can living in the surroundings of a petrochemical complex be a risk factor for autoimmune thyroid disease?

Freitas, Clarice Umbelino de; Campos, Rosária A. Grimaldi; Silva, Mirta Alcira F. Rodrigues; Panachão, Maria Rosana Issberner; Moraes, José Cássio de; Waissmann, William; Chacra, Antônio Roberto; Maeda, Marina Yoshiê Sakamoto; Rodrigues, Regina Sorrentino Minazzi; Belchor, James Gonçalves; Barbosa, Sonia Oliveira; Santos, R. T. M.

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2009.10.009

Cited by 31 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Results differed because the rate of the endocrine diagnosis of HT was similar to that of the control area (15.6% vs 19.5%) in one study (12) and it was twofold greater (9.3% vs 3.9%) in the other study (13). Even more striking are the inter-study differences in the HT rates for both the identical area surrounding the petrochemical complex (9.3% vs 15.6%) and the nonidentical control area located at similar distance from the study area (3.9% vs 19.5%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Two Brazilian groups (12,13) have addressed the association of HT with the petrochemical complex-related pollution by targeting the same area surrounding the petrochemical complex of Capuava (municipality of Santo André, State of Sao Paulo), but two different control areas, though both control areas were located at similar distance (about 16 km away from the complex). Results differed because the rate of the endocrine diagnosis of HT was similar to that of the control area (15.6% vs 19.5%) in one study (12) and it was twofold greater (9.3% vs 3.9%) in the other study (13).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis: could it be influenced by a petrochemical complex? Data from a cytological study in South-Eastern Sicily

Arena

Latina

Baratta

et al. 2015

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Introduction: In genetically predisposed individuals, exogenous factors (including pollution) influence the development of Hashimoto's thyroiditis/chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT). CLT may also be a risk factor for associated thyroid cancer. Few data are available on the role of pollution from petrochemical complexes, one of which is located in the Siracusa province (South-Eastern Sicily), in the pathogenesis of CLT. Aims: i) To study the frequency of CLT in fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)-interrogated thyroid nodules from patients who were stably resident in their zones, comparing it in patients living in the petrochemical complex area (zone A) with that of patients from a control area (zone B). ii) To study the frequency of CLT in the FNAC categories of malignancy risk, comparing the two zones. Patients and methods: We retrospectively evaluated cytologically adequate slides of 1323 nodules in 1013 outpatients who underwent ultrasound-guided FNAC from 2006 to 2012. We stratified by area of residence, gender, and FNAC categories of malignancy risk. Results: CLT was detected with significantly greater frequency in either patients or nodules from zone A compared with zone B (32.0% vs 23.1%, PZ0.002 or 28.2% vs 18.8%, PZ0.0001), with a female preponderance (FZ35.2% vs MZ21.1% or 30.4% vs 20.4%, zone A and FZ26.5% vs 12.3% or 21.6% vs 9.5%, zone B). Regardless of zone, CLT was approximately twofold more frequent in the suspiciously malignantCmalignant classes (TH4CTHY5Z47.6%, zone A and 32.4%, zone B) compared with the benignCintermediate classes (THY2CTHY3Z27.3%, zone A and 18.2%, zone B), but with a clear stepwise THY2 through THY5 increase only in zone A (THY2Z25.3%, THY5Z66.7%; THY2Z18.6%, THY5Z28.6% in zone B). Conclusions: The petrochemical complex-related pollution is an environmental factor involved in the development of CLT and, likely, in the CLT association with thyroid neoplasms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis: could it be influenced by a petrochemical complex? Data from a cytological study in South-Eastern Sicily

Arena

Latina

Baratta

et al. 2015

European Journal of Endocrinology

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“…Much less work has been done on environmental pollutants in human disease, although the striking recent epidemiology of Hashimoto thyroiditis [35,36] tends to point to these as a possible explanation. Residents living in areas close to a petrochemical complex may have a higher prevalence and risk of developing thyroiditis and thyroid autoantibodies [44], and the spouses of licensed pesticide applicators have a higher risk of developing hypothyroidism than controls, although an autoimmune basis for this disordered thyroid function has not been examined [45]. Somewhat surprisingly, given the known adverse effect of smoking on thyroid eye disease [46], smoking appears to be protective for the development of thyroid autoantibodies [47].…”

Section: Non-genetic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Immunopathogenesis of Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis One Century after Hashimoto

Weetman¹

2012

Eur Thyroid J

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Hakaru Hashimoto described 4 patients with a hitherto unknown cause for goitre, struma lymphomatosa, a century ago. He was careful to distinguish this from Riedel thyroiditis but it has become clear that fibrosis and atrophy of the thyroid are indeed components of Hashimoto thyroiditis, and in rare cases IgG4-related sclerosing disease may be an outcome. Although the cause of the lymphocytic infiltration was unknown to Hashimoto, we now know through the pioneering studies of N.R. Rose and E. Witebsky [J Immunol 1956;76:417–427] that this condition is the archetype for autoimmune destruction as a disease mechanism. In the last two decades in particular, there has been huge interest in unravelling the genetic basis for this and related autoimmune disorders. The list of polymorphisms associated with autoimmune thyroid disease grows each year, and in the case of vitiligo, which is frequently found in association with thyroid autoimmunity, we know that 27 separate susceptibility loci account for less than 20% of the heritability of this condition. Environmental and existential factors may turn out to be just as complex in number and in interactions. We can thus imagine a ‘Swiss cheese’ model for the causation of autoimmune thyroid disease, in which the effects of cumulative weaknesses line up – like the holes in slices of cheese – to allow the catastrophic event of autoimmune destruction to occur.

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“…Thus, recent studies have shown the close relationship between either excessive iodine levels (Camargo et al, 2006;Doğan et al, 2011;Teng et al, 2011) or Selenium deficiency (Toulis et al, 2010) and HT. High levels of several chemical agents have also been implicated in the incidence of goiter and autoimmune thyroiditis (de Freitas et al, 2010). Moreover, the components of several viruses (hepatitis C, human parvovirus B19, coxsackie and herpes viruses) were detected in the thyroid of Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients (Mori & Yoshida 2010).…”

Section: Environmental Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hashimoto's Disease

Bougacha-Elleuch¹,

Mnif-Feki²,

Charfi-Sellami³

et al. 2012

A New Look at Hypothyroidism

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Can living in the surroundings of a petrochemical complex be a risk factor for autoimmune thyroid disease?

Cited by 31 publications

References 29 publications

Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis: could it be influenced by a petrochemical complex? Data from a cytological study in South-Eastern Sicily

Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis: could it be influenced by a petrochemical complex? Data from a cytological study in South-Eastern Sicily

The Immunopathogenesis of Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis One Century after Hashimoto

Hashimoto's Disease

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