Can liquid metal flow in microchannels made of its own oxide skin?

Liu, Shanliangzi; Sun, Xiaoda; Kemme, Nicholas; Damle, Viraj; Schott, Christopher David; Herrmann, Marcus; Rykaczewski, Konrad

doi:10.1007/s10404-015-1665-2

Cited by 33 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…This effect most likely stems from the presence of gallium oxide, which naturally forms when LM is exposed to air . This elastic, few nanometers thin oxide layer is prone to nanoscale and microscale wrinkling . Thus, we postulate that the oxide layer on the LM provides inferior contact between particles relative to the silver coatings.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Soft Polymer Composites through Magnetically Induced Percolation and Particle–Particle Contact Engineering

Ralphs

Kong

Wang

et al. 2019

Adv Materials Inter

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Despite major advancements in the performance of thermal interface materials (TIMs), contact resistance between components persists as a major thermal bottleneck in electronics packaging. In this work, the thermal performance of composite TIMs is enhanced through a synergistic coupling of magnetic alignment and engineered particle coatings that reduce the thermal resistance between particles. By itself, magnetically induced percolation of nickel particles within a cross‐linked silicone matrix doubles the thermal conductivity of the composite. This process significantly increases contact between particles, making the interfacial particle–particle resistance a major contributor to the composites thermal performance. The resistance at these interfaces can be reduced by introducing soft metal (silver) or liquid metal coatings onto the nickel particles. Compressing powder beds of these hybrid particles reveals that, dependent on coating thickness, the contact engineering approach provides multifold increases in thermal conductivity at mild pressures. When dispersed in a polymer matrix and magnetically aligned, the coated particles provide a threefold increase in composite thermal conductivity, as compared to unaligned samples (up to nearly 6 W m−1 K−1 with volumetric fill fraction of 0.5). For equivalent coating thicknesses, silver coatings achieve better performance than liquid metal coatings.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Soft Polymer Composites through Magnetically Induced Percolation and Particle–Particle Contact Engineering

Ralphs

Kong

Wang

et al. 2019

Adv Materials Inter

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“…[13][14][15] Perhaps the most important feature of these metals is the metal oxide that forms spontaneously on the surface when exposed to air (O 2 concentrations as low as 1 ppm can induce oxidation). [16] This surface oxide has been reported as a passivating layer 1-5 nm thick [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] and provides stability to structures that would ordinarily be unfavorable due to the extremely high surface tension (≈640 mN m −1 ) of bare liquid metals. Bare liquid metal-that is, those without the native oxide-form near-spherical droplets rather than patterned lines or other useful structures.…”

Section: Liquid Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Metal Direct Write and 3D Printing: A Review

Neumann

Dickey

2020

Adv Materials Technologies

209

170

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This review discusses methods, challenges, and opportunities for direct‐write and 3D printing of low melting point, gallium‐based liquid metal alloys at room temperature. Alloys of gallium exhibit high conductivity and high stretchability making them well suited for use in soft circuitry for stretchable electronics and soft robotics. In addition, the liquid nature of the metal enables entirely new ways to pattern metals at room temperature; herein, the focus is placed on additive printing via nozzle‐based methods. Room temperature printing of liquid metals enables rapid fabrication of complex geometries (with dimensions as small as 10 µm) on a wide range of materials, such as polymers. These processes can be used to make metallic conductors for devices with self‐healing capabilities, soft/stretchable electrodes, and sensors.

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“…More fascinating potentials provided by oxide layer were lately utilized by Yi et al (2016) and Liu et al (2016). The former work simply used a semi-submerged liquid metal droplet in alkaline solution.…”

Section: Liquid Metal Self-actuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gallium-Based Room-Temperature Liquid Metals: Actuation and Manipulation of Droplets and Flows

Majidi

Gritsenko

2017

Front. Mech. Eng.

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Gallium-based room-temperature liquid metals possess extremely valuable properties, such as low toxicity, low vapor pressure, and high thermal and electrical conductivity enabling them to become suitable substitutes for mercury and beyond in wide range of applications. When exposed to air, a native oxide layer forms on the surface of gallium-based liquid metals which mechanically stabilizes the liquid. By removing or reconstructing the oxide skin, shape and state of liquid metal droplets and flows can be manipulated/actuated desirably. This can occur manually or in the presence/absence of a magnetic/electric field. These methods lead to numerous useful applications such as soft electronics, reconfigurable devices, and soft robots. In this mini-review, we summarize the most recent progresses achieved on liquid metal droplet generation and actuation of gallium-based liquid metals with/without an external force.

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Can liquid metal flow in microchannels made of its own oxide skin?

Cited by 33 publications

References 50 publications

Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Soft Polymer Composites through Magnetically Induced Percolation and Particle–Particle Contact Engineering

Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Soft Polymer Composites through Magnetically Induced Percolation and Particle–Particle Contact Engineering

Liquid Metal Direct Write and 3D Printing: A Review

Gallium-Based Room-Temperature Liquid Metals: Actuation and Manipulation of Droplets and Flows

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