Can Liberalism Still Tell Powerful Stories?1

Abstract

The need of reason is not inspired by the quest for truth but by the quest for meaning. And truth and meaning are not the same. The basic fallacy, taking precedence over all specific metaphysical fallacies, is to interpret meaning on the model of truth. (Hanna Arendt, The Life of the Mind: Thinking) 2Abstract The problem of agency in liberal political thought begins when dictates of reason grounded in philosophical truth become separated from motivations premised on desires and appetites articulated in moral psychology. In the writings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and John Stuart Mill, political agency requires both reason and motive, and motive, in turn, requires narratives of meaning that enable and motivate us to act. These narratives incorporate elements of the sacred and these religious elements, in turn, become parts of their moral psychologies. Part I is a summary of the role of sacred narrative for human agency in Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and John Stuart Mill. In America, a sacred/national narrative became an essential part of Progressive political thought at the turn of the last century. Part II explores the construction of national narratives in Progressive political thought that were intended to discredit prevailing forms of constitutionalist and other static and abstract forms of rights talk. The decline of this narrative framework and the rise of fixed principles of moral neutrality in liberal public philosophy in America during the second half of the twentieth century had two effects: it downplayed the role of civic virtue and it submerged national narratives of substantive public purpose. This narrative absence runs parallel with the demise of progressive liberalism as a formative political force in America. Recently, American public intellectuals have sought to restore narrative and patriotism to principles of liberal-progressive reform. Part III concludes by returning to the moral psychology of liberalism, this time by contrasting John Rawls and Charles Taylor on human agency.

Effector Glycosyltransferases in Legionella

“…Another example is the Ras-superfamily protein Rab1, which regulates various steps of vesicle trafficking in eukaryotic cells. Rab1 is manipulated by several Legionella effectors, including DrrA/SidM, LidA, and LepB (Machner and Isberg, 2006; Murata et al, 2006). DrrA/SidM is a multifunctional protein, containing guanine nucleotide exchange activity and adenylyltransferase activity (Ingmundson et al, 2007; Machner and Isberg, 2007; Muller et al, 2010).…”

“…DrrA/SidM is a multifunctional protein, containing guanine nucleotide exchange activity and adenylyltransferase activity (Ingmundson et al, 2007; Machner and Isberg, 2007; Muller et al, 2010). Legionella effector LidA enhances Rab1 recruitment by DrrA/SidM (Machner and Isberg, 2006) and the effector LepB behaves as a Rab1 GTPase-activating protein, which inactivates the Rab protein (Ingmundson et al, 2007). …”