“…According to the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) definition, the term low impact development (LID) refers to “systems and practices that use or mimic natural processes that result in the infiltration, evapotranspiration or use of stormwater to protect water quality and associated aquatic habitat” and green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) defined as “an approach to managing stormwater runoff in ways that mimics the natural environment as much as possible, using plants, soil, and stone to filter and manage stormwater more effectively, reducing how much enters our sewer systems, and protecting our rivers and streams” (EPA, 2022). Following these definitions, green roofs that are beneficial for flood stormwater reduction in cities (Twohig et al, 2022) were the most studied GSI/LID type, followed by rain gardens.Figure 3.UGS types in all studies.…”
Flooding is increasing in urban areas around the world, leading to loss of life and property damage, and cities are using urban green spaces (UGS) for flood regulation. The spatial attributes of UGS have an important role in controlling and regulating urban flooding, and there is a need for a systematic map on how spatial factors of UGS, such as shape, size, location, or connectivity, impact flooding in urban areas. The objectives of this study are to analyze and synthesize published material to evaluate the impacts of the spatial dimensions of UGS on flood regulation and to identify knowledge gaps and future research directions. Pertinent literature was reviewed and synthesized using the systematic mapping method. The results of this study show that previous research on spatial configuration have examined how variables such as slope, DEM, green space coverage, and landscape shape index impact runoff reduction. Slope was found to be an important, but not determining factor in flood regulation. There is a need for further research on how the geographic context of urban regions, including climatic conditions and land use changes, impacts UGS functionality. Additionally, there is a need for further research on how the spatial configuration of UGS impacts flood vulnerability and intensity, two under-addressed yet important topics in urban flooding.
“…According to the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) definition, the term low impact development (LID) refers to “systems and practices that use or mimic natural processes that result in the infiltration, evapotranspiration or use of stormwater to protect water quality and associated aquatic habitat” and green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) defined as “an approach to managing stormwater runoff in ways that mimics the natural environment as much as possible, using plants, soil, and stone to filter and manage stormwater more effectively, reducing how much enters our sewer systems, and protecting our rivers and streams” (EPA, 2022). Following these definitions, green roofs that are beneficial for flood stormwater reduction in cities (Twohig et al, 2022) were the most studied GSI/LID type, followed by rain gardens.Figure 3.UGS types in all studies.…”
Flooding is increasing in urban areas around the world, leading to loss of life and property damage, and cities are using urban green spaces (UGS) for flood regulation. The spatial attributes of UGS have an important role in controlling and regulating urban flooding, and there is a need for a systematic map on how spatial factors of UGS, such as shape, size, location, or connectivity, impact flooding in urban areas. The objectives of this study are to analyze and synthesize published material to evaluate the impacts of the spatial dimensions of UGS on flood regulation and to identify knowledge gaps and future research directions. Pertinent literature was reviewed and synthesized using the systematic mapping method. The results of this study show that previous research on spatial configuration have examined how variables such as slope, DEM, green space coverage, and landscape shape index impact runoff reduction. Slope was found to be an important, but not determining factor in flood regulation. There is a need for further research on how the geographic context of urban regions, including climatic conditions and land use changes, impacts UGS functionality. Additionally, there is a need for further research on how the spatial configuration of UGS impacts flood vulnerability and intensity, two under-addressed yet important topics in urban flooding.
“…Ercolani et al [ 57 ] used a distributed hydrologic model to assess the impact of green roofs during storms and found that the green roofs reduced both peak flow and volume in the urban stormwater management system. Twohig et al [ 58 ] used the Arc-Malstrom model to identify high flood-risk areas in Helsinki and test several green roof scenarios. They found that the average flood depth could be reduced by up to 13% depending on the level of green roofs implemented.…”
Many cities are vulnerable to flooding due to their high proportion of impervious surfaces and lack of vegetated land cover. This vulnerability will often be exacerbated by changing rainfall and storm patterns due to climate change. Using the principles of urban biomimicry, this study aims to show an ecosystem service-based approach to designing an urban green infrastructure network for stormwater management in densely built areas that more closely emulates natural hydrology processes. Nature Braid (next-generation LUCI) is an ecosystem services assessment tool that was used to simulate flood mitigation ecosystem services in a 13.7 km2 urban water catchment in Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand. The simulation results revealed that 59% of the catchment does not contain or benefit from flood-mitigating land cover features. Adding 0.6 km2 (4% of the catchment) of green roofs alongside major stormwater flow paths resulted in a nearly three-fold decrease (11%) in the unmitigated flooding area. These results suggest that green roofs could help manage stormwater and mitigate flooding in the densely built areas of the catchment. Using ecosystem service assessment tools, like Nature Braid, can inform the design of more regenerative and resilient urban green infrastructure networks that help mitigate climate change impacts on urban residents.
“…The ecological benefits of green space extend beyond the system itself, enhancing the surrounding built environment. The effective integration of ecological space and the built environment can significantly enhance the ecological performance of urban environments, including improving the air quality, mitigating climate change, reducing stormwater runoff, and enhancing biodiversity [57][58][59]. For instance, urban trees and green spaces can absorb air pollutants generated by the built environment and provide shade to lower the temperature of moving air, thereby alleviating the urban heat island effect [60][61][62].…”
Section: Ecological Built Environmentmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For instance, urban trees and green spaces can absorb air pollutants generated by the built environment and provide shade to lower the temperature of moving air, thereby alleviating the urban heat island effect [60][61][62]. Even small-scale ecological spaces, such as green roofs, can reduce the average flood depth by up to 13% in critical areas of the built environment [57]. Designers can create diverse ecological spaces around buildings, such as vertical gardens and urban gardens, to provide habitats for various species and increase the opportunities for residents to connect with nature [63].…”
The “City in a Park” (CIP) is a new concept of urban transformation and development proposed in China in recent years, guiding the construction of healthy and sustainable living environments. This paper analyzes urban planning based on the CIP concept from a synergetic perspective, aiming to explore how the integrated planning of ecological spaces and built environments can promote systematic sustainable development in ecology, economy, and society. This research employs methods including document collection, unstructured interviews, field observations, and participatory observation, focusing on a case study of the Sichuan Tianfu New Area (STNA), a demonstration zone for the CIP. The study finds that the planning of the STNA extends the planning scope of urban ecological spaces beyond the traditional urban construction boundaries, not only preserving the natural resources but also enhancing the city’s overall sustainability through regional ecological services. By designing ecological spaces as green infrastructure that connects urban and rural areas, the primary sector is more readily integrated with the secondary and tertiary sectors, facilitating the integration of the urban and rural infrastructure and industries. The STNA integrates urban and rural administrative divisions, builds a cross-departmental collaborative management platform, and guides public participation in the planning process, ensuring the efficiency and effectiveness of planning implementation and enhancing the equitable sharing of social services. This research provides new insights into comprehensive, cross-disciplinary, and ecology-oriented urban planning. It offers evidence for an understanding of the application pathways and effects of the CIP concept in urban planning practice and provides valuable experience for other cities to promote harmonious coexistence between the city and nature.
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