“…However, as these conventional explanations have largely been ruled out (e.g., Hyde (2005), Ceci et al (2014), Card and Payne (2021)), increasing attention has been placed on alternative mechanisms. This includes the role of parenthood and child penalties (e.g., Kleven et al (2019)), the effect of mentors and role models (e.g., Riise et al (2020)), differences in bargaining ability (e.g., Card et al (2013)), and difference in the willingness to compete (e.g., Niederle and Vesterlund (2007)). We contribute to this literature by providing the first evidence on a previously overlooked obstacle to achieving gender wage parity: gender difference in parents' competitiveness choices for their children.…”