Can energy optimization lead to economic and environmental waste in LPWAN architectures?

Rady, Mina; Georges, Jean‐Philippe; Lepage, Francis

doi:10.4218/etrij.2019-0524

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Multiple Radio Access Technology (Multi-RAT), adopted from cellular standards, is introduced to intelligently switch between LPWAN technologies in order to dynamically adapt to the current application requirements and operating environments [ 104 , 105 ]. Besides an adaptive multi-radio approach, low-energy nodes will have to become self-diagnostic, self-recovering [ 106 ] and have a low environmental impact [ 107 ]. If no or only limited energy harvesting is possible and IoT nodes cannot be equipped with large enough batteries, energy can be provisioned through Unmanned Vehicles [ 108 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Art of Designing Remote IoT Devices—Technologies and Strategies for a Long Battery Life

Callebaut

Mulders

Ottoy

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Long-range wireless connectivity technologies for sensors and actuators open the door for a variety of new Internet of Things (IoT) applications. These technologies can be deployed to establish new monitoring capabilities and enhance efficiency of services in a rich diversity of domains. Low energy consumption is essential to enable battery-powered IoT nodes with a long autonomy. This paper explains the challenges posed by combining low-power and long-range connectivity. An energy breakdown demonstrates the dominance of transmit and sleep energy. The principles for achieving both low-power and wide-area are outlined, and the landscape of available networking technologies that are suited to connect remote IoT nodes is sketched. The typical anatomy of such a node is presented, and the subsystems are zoomed into. The art of designing remote IoT devices requires an application-oriented approach, where a meticulous design and smart operation are essential to grant a long battery life. In particular we demonstrate the importance of strategies such as “think before you talk” and “race to sleep”. As maintenance of IoT nodes is often cumbersome due to being deployed at hard to reach places, extending the battery life of these devices is critical. Moreover, the environmental impact of batteries further demonstrates the need for a longer battery life in order to reduce the number of batteries used.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Art of Designing Remote IoT Devices—Technologies and Strategies for a Long Battery Life

Callebaut

Mulders

Ottoy

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…Furthermore, we are exploring, using RPL simulations, how to improve the battery lifetime and overall network cost of g6TiSCH. The RPL objective function can rely on different metrics to improve not just the battery lifetime, but also the financial cost, time-on-air, and link quality in the network as recently proposed in [39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

g6TiSCH: Generalized 6TiSCH for Agile Multi-PHY Wireless Networking

et al. 2021

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Wireless networks traditionally use a single physical layer for communication: some use high bit-rate short-range radios, others low bit-rate long-range radios. This article introduces g6TiSCH, a generalization of the standards-based IETF 6TiSCH protocol stack. g6TiSCH allows nodes equipped with multiple radios to dynamically switch between them on a link-by-link basis, as a function of link-quality. This approach results in a dynamic trade-off between latency and power consumption. We evaluate the performance of the approach experimentally on an indoor office testbed of 36 OpenMote B boards. Each OpenMote B can communicate using FSK 868 MHz, O-QPSK 2.4 GHz or OFDM 868 MHz, a combination of long-range and short-range physical layers. We measure network formation time, end-to-end reliability, end-to-end latency, and battery lifetime. We compare the performance of g6TiSCH against that of a traditional 6TiSCH stack running on each of the three physical layers. Results show that g6TiSCH yields lower latency and network formation time than any of the individual PHYs, while maintaining a similar battery lifetime.INDEX TERMS Agile Networking, IoT, 6TiSCH, Industrial IoT.

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“…Previous research on the optimization of LPWAN architectures has demonstrated that optimizing for energy consumption in the network may not necessarily result in lower network costs. 10 An example of this is the case where the cost of battery replacement is fixed whether it is for one mote or for the entire network. This cost reflects the paid-time of staff members to collect all the nodes, drive to the manufacturer and have all their batteries replaced.…”

Section: Problem Statement and Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in several use cases, optimizing for energy saving alone does not necessarily mean optimizing for network cost. 10 In some cases, replacement of batteries requires sending a hired employee to replace the batteries and therefore the employee hourly salary is spent on battery replacement. This leads to a situation where the cost of the actual batteries is negligible compared to the cost of battery replacement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bringing life out of diversity: Boosting network lifetime using multi‐PHY routing in RPL

Rady

Lampin

Barthel

et al. 2022

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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In this article, we propose a routing mechanism based on the RPL protocol in a wireless network that is equipped with a mix of short-range and long-range radios. We introduce Life-OF, an objective function for RPL which uses a combination of metrics and the diverse physical layers to boost the network's lifetime. We evaluate the performance of Life-OF compared to the classical MRHOF objective function in simulations. Two key performance indicators (KPIs) are reported: network lifetime and network latency. Results demonstrate that MRHOF tends to converge to a pure long-range network, leading to short network lifetime. However, Life-OF improves network lifetime by continuously adapting the routing topology to favor routing over nodes with longest remain-ing lifetime. Life-OF combines diverse radios and balances power consumption in the network. This way, nodes switch between using their short-range radio to improve their own battery lifetime and using their long-range radio to avoid routers that are close to depletion. Results show that using Life-OF improves the lifetime of the network by up to 470% that of MRHOF, while maintaining similar latency.

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Can energy optimization lead to economic and environmental waste in LPWAN architectures?

Cited by 8 publications

References 23 publications

The Art of Designing Remote IoT Devices—Technologies and Strategies for a Long Battery Life

The Art of Designing Remote IoT Devices—Technologies and Strategies for a Long Battery Life

g6TiSCH: Generalized 6TiSCH for Agile Multi-PHY Wireless Networking

Bringing life out of diversity: Boosting network lifetime using multi‐PHY routing in RPL

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