Can customized implants correct enophthalmos and delayed diplopia in post-traumatic orbital deformities? A volumetric analysis

Clinical applications of three‐dimensional printing in otolaryngology–head and neck surgery: A systematic review

“…The use of 3D‐printed ear models as templates for auricular reconstruction in patients with microtia has been extensively documented in the literature . In addition, 3D‐printed models are routinely used to prebend titanium mesh for orbital reconstruction following orbital wall/floor trauma …”

“…[34][35][36][37] In addition, 3D-printed models are routinely used to prebend titanium mesh for orbital reconstruction following orbital wall/floor trauma. [38][39][40] Medical Education, Surgical Training, and Informed Consent 3D-printed models have emerged as important teaching aids in all levels of medical and residency training, and are likely to have further potential applications and benefits in the future. Although using cadaveric models has several important advantages including anatomical fidelity and a relatively low cost, they are limited by several factors, including the inability to demonstrate specific pathologic states.…”

Complications of Facial Trauma of the Fronto-orbital Region

“…There is no one technology that is best for all defects, but being familiar with these contouring aids will undoubtedly improve each surgeons ability to more skillfully restore the orbit to the appropriate volume. [41][42][43][44][45][46][47] Orbital Adherence Syndrome…”

Three dimensional reconstruction of late post traumatic orbital wall defects by customized implants using CAD-CAM, 3D stereolithographic models: A case report

“…Such deformities are extremely difficult to manage due to the complex and highly variable anatomy. 1 It is generally accepted that the presence of clinical symptoms like diplopia, enophthalmos, motility disturbances of the globe, and fractures resulting in orbital floor or wall defects larger than 10 mm in diameter, indicate the need for surgical treatment ie open reduction, internal rigid fixation and orbital reconstruction.…”

“…The unique anatomy of the orbit and the resulting surgical approaches make the process of fitting and aligning implants difficult, time consuming and operator dependent. 1,2 During the past decades, autogenous bone grafts were considered ideal for the treatment of orbital floor fractures. However, it is important to consider the following factors: the quantity of bone required at the recipient site, the biologic qualities of the donor bone, the unpredictable resorption of the bone graft, and the considerable donor site morbidity.…”