Can Carob-Fruit-Extract-Enriched Meat Improve the Lipoprotein Profile, VLDL-Oxidation, and LDL Receptor Levels Induced by an Atherogenic Diet in STZ-NAD-Diabetic Rats?

Abstract

Carob fruit extract (CFE) has shown remarkable in vitro antioxidant properties and reduces postprandial hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in healthy animals. Development of functional meat products that contain bioactive components are presented as a great nutritional strategy. Until now, the effect of the consumption of restructured meat enriched with CFE in a murine model of diabetes has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect on glycemia, lipemia, lipoprotein profile, Ldlr, arylesterase (AE), and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and liver oxidation in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NAD) growing Wistar diabetic rats fed restructured meat in the frame of a high cholesterol/high saturated-fat diet. In the present study, three groups (D, ED and DE) were fed cholesterol-enriched (1.4% cholesterol and 0.2% cholic acid) and high saturated-fat diets (50% of total energy from fats and 20.4% from saturated fatty acids). Rats were subjected to a STZ-NAD administration at the 3rd week. Group D did not receive CFE, while ED and DE rat groups received CFE before and after the diabetic induction, respectively. After eight weeks, D rats showed hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia, an increased amount cholesterol-enriched VLDL (β-VLDL), IDL and LDL particles and triglyceride-enriched HDL. ED and DE partially blocked the hypercholesterolemic induction with respect to D group (p < 0.001) and improved glycemia, cholesterol levels, lipoprotein profile, Ldlr, plasma AE activity and liver oxidation (p < 0.001). Fecal fat, moisture and excretion were higher while dietary digestibility was lower in ED and DE vs. D counterparts (p < 0.0014). In conclusion, CFE-enriched meat shows, for the first time, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in STZ-NAD animals fed high cholesterol/high saturated-fat diets. Likewise, it manages to reverse possible diabetes lipoprotein alterations if CFE-enriched meat is consumed before pathology development or improves said modifications if Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is already established.

Supplementation with a Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Fruit Extract Attenuates the Cardiometabolic Alterations Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Mice

“…In addition to the beneficial effects in the glycemic status and MetS-induced insulin resistance, supplementation with CSAT+ ® also improved the lipid profile by decreasing the circulating concentrations of both total and LDL-cholesterol. Our results are in agreement with those reported by other authors both in experimental animals [22,23] and in humans [25,26,49]. However, contrary to other studies [45,50,51], CSAT+ ® treatment was unable to reduce triglyceride levels neither in hepatic tissue (data not shown), nor in the plasma.…”

“…Differences could also be explained by the dose of carob extract. In this study, the dose of carob extract was similar to the one used in previous studies with rodents [23,45] and higher than the one used in human studies [47,49,52]. New experiments are needed to assess the specific dose of this specific extract for human consumption.…”

“…Among them the fruit of carob tree, (Ceratonia siliqua L.), may be a good candidate since several studies have reported that it exerts beneficial effects improving the glycemic status [18][19][20][21], the lipid profile [22][23][24][25][26], and attenuating the cardiovascular alterations associated with MetS [23,27,28]. Its therapeutic effects are attributed to several bioactive compounds that are present not only in the pulp but also in the pod and the seeds of the carob fruit.…”

Oxidative Stress Status in Testis of Type-2 Diabetic Rats Treated with Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol

“…The STZ+NAD model of type 2 diabetes was used to create and exhibit symptoms similar to human non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (11). Numerous studies have shown that the diabetic rat model is useful in studies of different aspects of diabetes (17,18).…”

Protective effects of proanthocyanidins at the intestinal levelagainst thermooxidative stress due to ingestion of sunflower oil used in frying

“…Dado que la absorción de lípidos acontece fundamentalmente en el yeyuno (35), se determinaron, en este segmento intestinal, los niveles proteicos (abundancia) de las cuatro enzimas antioxidantes (SOD, CAT, GR y GPx) y HO1 por Western Blot, siguiendo el protocolo descrito en Macho-González et al (36). Las muestras se homogeneizaron con tampón de lisis que contiene Tris-HCl 10 mM (pH 7,4), SDS al 1 %, vanadato de sodio 1 mM y 0,01% cóctel inhibidor de proteasa (todos de Sigma-Aldrich).…”