Can bugs be an alternative or adjuvant to drugs in schizophrenia?

Abstract

Schizophrenia (SPR) pathophysiology is complex and uncertain, with growing evidence highlighting the role of gut microbiota (GM) in its etiopathogenesis. Trillions of gut bacteria found to be influencing the brain by crossing the bloodbrain barrier through various pathways. Gut dysbiosis in particular has been linked to SPR, which has opened up new avenues for the prevention and treatment of SPR by maintaining the gut bacterial diversity with the supplementation of living organisms in adequate proportions termed psychobiotics. In this paper, we reviewed the most shreds of evidence and concepts relating GM through the vagus nerve, neurotransmitters, and microbial by-products to various conceivable pathways leading to and ameliorating SPR. Both animal and human trials have been reviewed to discover the effects of probiotics in modulating endocrinal, inflammatory, immunochemical, and neuronal changes in modifying the physiological and psychopathological states of an individual, which assisted in identifying their physiological basis to improve mood and cognitive abilities and reduce anxiety in both healthy people and SPR patients. Currently, probiotic supplementation and fecal microbiota transplantation are the most recommended interventions. However, the present literature is scarce to conclude specific microbial species or probiotics that can benefit SPR through modification of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Further evidence from the clinical trials is essential to discover novel gut microbial species that can maintain the diversity of the gut microbial population and benefit SPR disease.

Gut–Brain Axis: Focus on Sex Differences in Neuroinflammation

“…Recent research has elucidated the influence of sex-related factors on the BGMA [13][14][15][16]. The modulation of the immune system by the BGMA and sex hormones is an important area of research [17].…”