Can antler stage represent an activity driver in axis deer Axis axis?

Abstract

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Antiquity and fundamental processes of the antler cycle in Cervidae (Mammalia)

“…Genetic, hormonal and photoperiodic control may be similar to modern cervids living in tropical or subtropical habitats. However, systematic studies on the irregular timing of the antler cycle of the latter species are rare (Mohr 1932 , Morris 1935 , Van Bemmel 1952 , Asdell 1964 , Ables 1977 , Loudon and Curlewis 1988 , van Mourik and Stelmasiak 1990 , Bubenik et al 1991 , Daud Samsudewa and Capitan 2011 , Kavčić et al 2019 ) and a synthesis is missing in regard to what hampers comprehensive assessment of the process in specific and in general. Yet, reports on annual antler shedding in tropical cervids living in temperate climate/higher latitude regions (Pohle 1989 ) and more than annual shedding in temperate cervids (Kierdorf and Kierdorf 1998 ) deviate from the common view.…”

“…It is under intrinsic hormonal control–predominated by testosterone levels–which in turn is synchronised with extrinsic seasonality or day light supply: the more pronounced seasonality, the more regular antler cycle. Whereas timing of the antler cycle in the subtropical, temperate or cold zone follows a regular rhythm, tropical deer are reported to only irregularly replace their antlers (Mohr 1932 , Morris 1935 , Van Bemmel 1952 , Asdell 1964 , Ables 1977 , Loudon and Curlewis 1988 , van Mourik and Stelmasiak 1990 , Bubenik et al 1991 , Samsudewa and Capitan 2011 , Kavčić et al 2019 and others) up to a supposedly missing antler cycle in Elaphodus cephalophus (Mattioli 2011 ), but see Nowak ( 1999 ) and Pohle ( 1989 ), the latter described regular antler cycle in Elaphodus cephalophus in a German zoo under temperate climatic conditions. Other extremes are the holarctic Rangifer tarandus (reindeer) with antlers in both sexes (Holand et al 2004 and references therein) and the Asian temperate Hydropotes inermis (water deer) whose lack of antlers is considered a secondary evolutionary loss (Schilling and Rössner 2017 and references therein).…”

Antiquity and fundamental processes of the antler cycle in Cervidae (Mammalia)

“…Genetic, hormonal and photoperiodic control may be similar to modern cervids living in tropical or subtropical habitats. However, systematic studies on the irregular timing of the antler cycle of the latter species are rare (Mohr 1932, Morris 1935, Van Bemmel 1952, Ashdell 1964, Ables 1977, Loudon and Curlewis 1988, van Mourik and Stelmasiak 1990, Bubenik et al 1991, Daud Samsudewa and Capitan 2011, Kavčić et al 2019 ) and a synthesis is missing what hampers comprehensive assessment of the process in specific and in general. Yet, reports on annual antler shedding in tropical cervids living in temperate climate (Pohle 1989) and more than annual shedding in temperate cervids deviate from the common view.…”

“…It is under intrinsic hormonal control -predominated by testosterone levels -which in turn is synchronised with extrinsic seasonality or day Iight supply: the more pronounced seasonality, the more regular antler cycle. Whereas timing of the antler cycle in the subtropical, temperate or cold zone follows a regular rhythm, tropical deer are reported to only irregularly replace their antlers (Mohr 1932, Morris 1935, Van Bemmel 1952, Ashdell 1964, Ables 1977, Loudon and Curlewis 1988, van Mourik and Stelmasiak 1990, Bubenik et al 1991, Samsudewa and Capitan 2011, Kavčić et al 2019 to a supposedly missing antler cycle in Elaphodus cephalophus (Mattioli 2011), but see Nowak (1999) and Pohle (1989), the latter described regular antler cycle in Elaphodus cephalophus in a German zoo under temperate climatic conditions. Other extremes are the holarctic Rangifer tarandus (reindeer) with antlers in both sexes (Holand et al 2004 and references therein) and the Asian temperate Hydropotes inermis (water deer) which does not have antlers at all (Schilling and Rössner 2017 and references therein).…”

Activity patterns of aoudad (Ammotragus lervia) in a Mediterranean habitat

“…Animal activity patterns are shaped by multiple factors (Pipia et al 2008). Biological processes, such as sexual activity (von Hardenberg et al 2000), antler growth (Kavčić et al 2019), foraging (Rosenbaum et al 2019), and rumination (Parker et al 2009) are known to determine activity patterns, and environmental factors such as the presence of humans (Sibbald et al 2011), hunting pressure (Ikeda et al 2019), predator-prey activity (Šprem et al 2015), and weather conditions (Brivio et al 2016) can further shape them. Wild ruminant ungulates mostly exhibit a bimodal activity pattern, with activity peaks during the day, at dawn and dusk (Pipia et al 2008, Darmon et al 2014, Ikeda et al 2015, and a similar pattern is predicted for aoudad (Ammotragus lervia).…”