Can 3-D Printed Gypsum Samples Replicate Natural Rocks? An Experimental Study

Kong, Lingyun; Ostadhassan, Mehdi; Li, Chunxiao; Tamimi, Naser

doi:10.1007/s00603-018-1520-3

Cited by 65 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Three samples were created for each number of cracks. The graph confirms that for a given number of cracks, the three samples exhibit a very similar breaking load, meaning that the relationship between the number of cracks and breaking load can be reliably obtained (Haeri et al 2015) to recent attempts to overcome these problems using this technology (Bourke et al 2008;Jiang and Zhao 2015;Tian and Han 2017a;Ji et al 2018;Kong et al 2018a;Sharafisafa et al 2018;Squelch 2018;Zhou and Zhu 2018;Zhu et al 2018a). The remainder of this article will therefore be a review of additive manufacturing to the investigation of rock mechanics.…”

Section: Artificial Rock Materialssupporting

confidence: 53%

“…In such studies, the mechanical strength of the simulant is not an issue: all that is required is that the synthetic rock has the same internal geometrical features and that the chemical nature of the surface that the fluid is flowing over has no effect. Such techniques have also been applied to the study of the effects of defects on the mechanical properties of rocks (Singh et al 2015;Vogler et al 2017;Kong et al 2018a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of the Validity of the Use of Artificial Specimens for Characterizing the Mechanical Properties of Rocks

2019

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The field of rock mechanics is concerned with the response of rocks to the forces acting on them, characterizing this behaviour in specific environments and under varying loading conditions. This review discusses the suitability of current mechanical testing methods for inhomogeneous rock bodies, with a specific focus on the use of artificial samples in place of real rocks in these tests. The use of artificial materials such as cement, resins, and sand-based mixtures is reviewed, as is the manufacture of three-dimensionally printed samples. The benefits and drawbacks of using such specimens in mechanical tests, and the validity of their simulation of real rock are discussed. There is evidence that 3D-printed samples have the advantage of overcoming the problems of specimen reproducibility and also make possible the ability to test the response of specific defects to loading. There is thus great potential for the use of 3D printing in this field. However, the review concludes that further post-processing and careful thought about the materials used must be carried out to ensure that printed samples are of adequate strength and brittleness to accurately simulate real rocks.

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Section: Artificial Rock Materialssupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of the Validity of the Use of Artificial Specimens for Characterizing the Mechanical Properties of Rocks

2019

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“…The printing technology for this material is binder jetting, which is depositing the binder on the gypsum powder bed horizontally until all layers are completed. A workflow should be followed when transforming from digital rock models to physical models as suggested by Kong et al [32]. Digital rock models can either be designed in professional CAD software with any desired geometry or be extracted from the X-ray CT images obtained from natural rock prototype.…”

Section: Artificial Rock By 3d Printingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fereshtenejad and Song [31] enhanced the strength and mechanical behavior of 3D printed samples by assessing printing direction, printing layer thickness, and binder saturation level. Kong et al [32] tested 3D printed rocks made up of gypsum powder with different sample sizes to study full stress-strain mechanical behavior (curve) of the samples. Primkulov et al [33] explored the effect of temperature on mechanical strength of 3D printed sand or resin-based samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geomechanical Upscaling Methods: Comparison and Verification via 3D Printing

et al. 2019

Self Cite

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Understanding geomechanical properties of rocks at multiple scales is critical and relevant in various disciplines including civil, mining, petroleum and geological engineering. Several upscaling frameworks were proposed to model elastic properties of common rock types from micro to macroscale, considering the heterogeneity and anisotropy in the samples. However, direct comparison of the results from different upscaling methods remains limited, which can question their accuracy in laboratory experiments. Extreme heterogeneity of natural rocks that arises from various existing components in them adds complexity to verifying the accuracy of these upscaling methods. Therefore, experimental validation of various upscaling methods is performed by creating simple component materials, which is, in this study, examining the predicted macroscale geomechanical properties of 3D printed rocks. Nanoindentation data were first captured from 3D printed gypsum powder and binder rock fragments followed by, triaxial compression tests on similar cylindrical core plugs to acquire modulus values in micro and macroscale respectively. Mori-Tanaka (MT) scheme, Self-Consistent Scheme (SCS) method and Differential Effective Medium (DEM) theory were used to estimate Young’s modulus in macroscale based on the results of nanoindentation experiments. The comparison demonstrated that M-T and SCS methods would provide us with more comparable results than DEM method. In addition, the potential applications of 3D printed rocks were also discussed regarding rock physics and the geomechanics area in petroleum engineering and geosciences.

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“…Investigations of the factors controlling pore structure are critical to the exploration and development of an oil field [6][7][8][9][10]. Many scholars have conducted extensive research work from different perspectives, using various methods such as rate-controlled mercury injection testing [11][12][13], pressure-controlled mercury injection (PMI) testing [14][15][16], scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [17][18][19][20][21] and multiscale computed tomography (CT) imaging technology [22][23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of the Base-Level Cycle on Pore Structure of Mouth Bar Sand Bars: A Case Study of the Paleogene Kongdian Formation, Bohai Bay Basin, China

Wang

Liu

et al. 2018

Energies

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The pore structure of rocks can affect fluid migration and the remaining hydrocarbon distribution. To understand the impacts of the base-level cycle on the pore structure of mouth bar sand bodies in a continental rift lacustrine basin, the pore structure of the mouth bar sand bodies in the ZVC (ZV4 + ZV5) of the Guan195 area was studied using pressure-controlled mercury injection (PMI), casting sheet image and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that three types of pores exist in ZVC, including intergranular pores, dissolution pores, and micro fractures. The porosity is generally between 1.57% and 44.6%, with a mean value of 19.05%. The permeability is between 0.06 μm2 and 3611 μm2, with a mean value of 137.56 μm2. The pore structure heterogeneity of a single mouth bar sand body in the early stage of the falling period of short-term base-level is stronger than that in the late stage. During the falling process of the middle-term base level, the pore structure heterogeneity of a late single mouth bar sand body is weaker than that of an early single mouth bar sand body. In the long-term base-level cycle, the pore structure heterogeneity of mouth bar sand bodies becomes weaker with the falling of the base-level.

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Can 3-D Printed Gypsum Samples Replicate Natural Rocks? An Experimental Study

Cited by 65 publications

References 55 publications

Review of the Validity of the Use of Artificial Specimens for Characterizing the Mechanical Properties of Rocks

Review of the Validity of the Use of Artificial Specimens for Characterizing the Mechanical Properties of Rocks

Geomechanical Upscaling Methods: Comparison and Verification via 3D Printing

Impacts of the Base-Level Cycle on Pore Structure of Mouth Bar Sand Bars: A Case Study of the Paleogene Kongdian Formation, Bohai Bay Basin, China

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