Campylobacter Species in Health, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis

Most studies of the bacterial etiology of periodontitis have used either culture-based or targeted DNA approaches, and so it is likely that pathogens remain undiscovered. The purpose of this study was to use culture-independent, quantitative analysis of biofilms associated with chronic periodontitis and periodontal health to identify pathogens and beneficial species. Samples from subjects with periodontitis and controls were analyzed using ribosomal 16S cloning and sequencing. Several genera, many of them uncultivated, were associated with periodontitis, the most numerous of which were gram positive, including Peptostreptococcus and Filifactor. The genera Megasphaera and Desulfobulbus were elevated in periodontitis, and the levels of several species or phylotypes of Campylobacter, Selenomonas, Deferribacteres, Dialister, Catonella, Tannerella, Streptococcus, Atopobium, Eubacterium, and Treponema were elevated in disease. Streptococcus and Veillonella spp. were found in high numbers in all samples and accounted for a significantly greater fraction of the microbial community in healthy subjects than in those with periodontitis. The microbial profile of periodontal health also included the less-abundant genera Campylobacter, Abiotrophia, Gemella, Capnocytophaga, and Neisseria. These newly identified candidates outnumbered Porphyromonas gingivalis and other species previously implicated as periodontopathogens, and it is not clear if newly identified and more numerous species may play a more important role in pathogenesis. Finally, more differences were found in the bacterial profile between subjects with periodontitis and healthy subjects than between deep and shallow sites within the same subject. This suggests that chronic periodontitis is the result of a global perturbation of the oral bacterial ecology rather than a disease-site specific microbial shift.There is considerable evidence to show that bacterial plaque is the etiologic agent in chronic periodontitis. No single species has been implicated as a primary pathogen, and the available evidence is consistent with a polymicrobial disease etiology. Nearly all studies on the bacterial etiology of periodontitis have used either culture-based or directed DNA approaches, targeting known species. The prevailing paradigm that implicates minor constituents of the subgingival community, the gram-negative bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tanerella forsythensis, and Treponema denticola (24), as periodontopathogens is based on such approaches. However, culturing is not representative of the composition of a microbial community, since it is often too selective, especially for fastidious and as-yet-uncultivable species. Even culture-independent targeted approaches are limited to detecting the presence and levels of known species. Obviously cultivation will not detect uncultivated species, but the limitations of closed-ended molecular approaches such as PCR or hybridization assays such as checkerboard and microarrays are not as widely appreciated. Using these approaches it...

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“…This confirms earlier studies linking Capnocytophaga (8,27,34) and Campylobacter gracilis (17) to health.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Identification of Candidate Periodontal Pathogens and Beneficial Species by Quantitative 16S Clonal Analysis

Griffen²,

et al. 2005

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“…Among the 20 phylotypes proposed by Paster and colleagues were several species that had been found in periodontitis patients by other authors, i.e. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Filifactor alocis, Treponema socranskii, Dialister pneumosintes, Campylobacter rectus, Tannerella forsythensis and Streptococcus constellatus (Albandar et al, 1997;Contreras et al, 2000;Dewhirst et al, 2000;Macuch & Tanner, 2000;Moore & Moore, 1994;Ximenez-Fyvie et al, 2000). However, Abiotrophia adiacens has been described to occur in the oral cavity of healthy Paster et al (2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular analysis of bacteria in periodontitis: evaluation of clone libraries, novel phylotypes and putative pathogens

et al. 2003

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Subgingival plaque samples were obtained from 26 subjects with advanced periodontal lesions. Bacterial diversity was analysed by amplification of the 16S rRNA genes with two different primer sets, and subsequent cloning and sequencing. A total of 578 sequences was analysed after the exclusion of chimeras. The authors found 148 phylotypes with the clone library 27f/519r (number of clones n5322; coverage, C566 %) and 75 phylotypes with the clone library 515f/1525r (n5256; C584 %). Comparative sequence analysis revealed that 70 % of all of the analysed sequences showed a similarity of at least 99 % to sequences deposited in public databases. The classes Actinobacteria, Bacilli, Bacteroidetes, Clostridia, Deferribacteres, Flavobacteria, Fusobacteria, Mollicutes, Spirochaetes and all classes of the Proteobacteria were represented. Sequences that were at least 99 % identical to Porphyromonas gingivalis, Filifactor alocis and Treponema socranskii were present in at least one-third of the patients. Libraries generated with the two PCR primer pairs differed significantly in their representation of the families Porphyromonadaceae, Prevotellaceae, Fusobacteriaceae, Eubacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae and Acidaminococcaceae. A total of 14 sequences exhibited less than 97 % identity to sequences published previously and were assigned to six different families within the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Twelve of 20 putative pathogens were recovered, which were recently proposed to be associated with periodontitis.

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“…It seems likely, given that more than 300 recognized taxa have been identified in the oral cavity, many spiral bacteria are as yet uncultivated. There is also known antigenic cross-reactivity between H. pylori and mouth organisms such as Campylobacter rectus (21,30,51,52).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unreliability of Results of PCR Detection of Helicobacter pylori in Clinical or Environmental Samples

Sugimoto

Abudayyeh

et al. 2009

J Clin Microbiol

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The aim of this study was to compare published Helicobacter pylori primer pairs for their ability to reliably detect H. pylori in gastric biopsy specimens and salivary samples. Detection limits of the 26 PCR primer pairs previously described for detection of H. pylori DNA in clinical samples were determined. Sensitivity and specificity were determined using primers with detection limits of <100 CFU/ml using 50 H. pylori-positive and -negative (by concordance by culture and histology) coded gastric biopsy specimens. These results were then confirmed with gastric biopsy specimens and saliva from patients with confirmed H. pylori status. Five of the twenty-six previously reported primer pairs (HP64-f/HP64-r, HP1/HP2, EHC-U/EHC-L, VAG-F/VAG-R, and ICT37/ICT38) had detection limits of <100 CFU/ml in the presence of gastric tissue. None had 100% specificity or sensitivity; all produced false-positive results. The HP64-f/HP64-r for ureA and HP1/HP2 for 16S rRNA individually had sensitivities and specificities of >90% with gastric biopsy specimens. No combinations of primer pairs improved the results. Using these five primer pairs, 54% of the positive saliva samples were determined to be false positive; both the HP64-f/HP64-r and the HP1/HP2 sets produced false positives with saliva. We conclude that clinicians should not rely on results using current PCR primers alone to decide the H. pylori status of an individual patient or as a basis for treatment decisions. The results of studies based on PCR identification of H. pylori in environmental samples should be viewed with caution. Possibly, specific primers sets can be identified based on the presence of multiple putative virulence factor genes.

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Campylobacter Species in Health, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis

Cited by 132 publications

References 36 publications

Identification of Candidate Periodontal Pathogens and Beneficial Species by Quantitative 16S Clonal Analysis

Identification of Candidate Periodontal Pathogens and Beneficial Species by Quantitative 16S Clonal Analysis

Molecular analysis of bacteria in periodontitis: evaluation of clone libraries, novel phylotypes and putative pathogens

Unreliability of Results of PCR Detection of Helicobacter pylori in Clinical or Environmental Samples

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