Campylobacter hepaticus, the cause of spotty liver disease in chickens, is present throughout the small intestine and caeca of infected birds

Van, Thi Thu Hao; Gor, Mian Chee; Anwar, Arif; Scott, Peter C.; Moore, Robert J.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.06.022

Cited by 35 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…AVH disappeared at a time when most laying hens were being housed in cages and the return to keeping free‐range laying hens coincided with the appearance of SLD. These striking similarities have already been noted (Crawshaw & Young, ; Jenner, ) and some authors consider that they are the same condition (Van, Gor, Anwar, et al, ).…”

Section: Comparison Of Avh and Sldsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Transmission between hens is likely to be by the faeco‐oral route. C. hepaticus has been detected in the small intestine and caecal contents at levels frequently exceeding 1.0 × 10 6 cfu/g and also on cloacal swabs of naturally and experimentally infected hens (Van, Gor, Anwar, Scott, & Moore, ). In the only experimental challenge of adult hens, oral dosing with 1 × 10 9 or 1 × 10 10 cfu of C. hepaticus produced typical lesions in 19 of 20 hens (Van, Elshagmani, et al, ).…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Campylobacter sp. are recognized as bile resistant (Begley, Gahan, & Hill, ) and the levels of C. hepaticus detected in the bile of hens was considerably higher than in the liver (Van, Gor, Anwar, et al, ). This may explain why C. hepaticus can be more easily grown from bile than liver tissue (Moore, Scott, Anwar, & Van, ) and may indicate the niche to which it has adapted.…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Initially, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to confirm the identity of cultures (Crawshaw et al, ; Van, Elshagmani, et al, ; Van et al, ). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests based on the glycerol kinase gene of C. hepaticus have been developed (Van et al, ; Van, Gor, Anwar, et al, ; Van, Gor, Elshagmani, Scott, & Moore, ). They are likely to prove invaluable in the diagnosis and investigation of SLD.…”

Section: Molecular Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of the novel thermophilicCampylobacter,Campylobacter hepaticus,a pathogen of poultry

Crawshaw

2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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In 2015, a novel thermophilic Campylobacter was isolated from cases of spotty liver disease in laying hens in the UK. In 2016, it was isolated from laying hens in Australia where it was formally named Campylobacter hepaticus and confirmed as the cause of spotty liver disease. It has also been isolated from laying hens in America. It is fastidious, grows slowly on first isolation and does not grow on media used to routinely isolate Campylobacter. Spotty liver disease is an acute, randomly distributed, focal, necrotic hepatitis causing mortality in up to 10% of a flock and a 10%–15% fall in egg production. It occurs mainly in free‐range hens or hens reared on the ground at around the time of peak lay. The incidence of the disease has increased in countries where there is an increase in keeping free‐range laying hens. It is similar to the condition avian vibrionic hepatitis which was reported in America, Europe and Australasia in the 1950s to 1970s and the agent isolated from cases of avian vibrionic hepatitis and C. hepaticus appear to be very similar. It is not known if C. hepaticus is zoonotic but whole genome sequencing shows that it is most closely related to the known zoonotic campylobacters Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Human exposure to C. hepaticus is likely through similar exposure routes. Analysis of the whole genome showed a reduction in the genes for iron metabolism compared to C. jejuni. A requirement for iron was confirmed as it showed reduced growth in an iron depletion assay and this may explain its tissue tropism. With a move towards free‐range egg production in many countries, the incidence of C. hepaticus hepatitis is likely to increase, but the identification of the causal agent will provide opportunities for the development of control methods.

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Section: Comparison Of Avh and Sldsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Molecular Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of the novel thermophilicCampylobacter,Campylobacter hepaticus,a pathogen of poultry

Crawshaw

2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…To date, all C. hepaticus isolates reported in the literature have been recovered from bile or liver samples, in which C. hepaticus is often present as a monoculture. Although C. hepaticus is present throughout the gastrointestinal tract of infected birds (13), no isolates have been recovered from such microbiological complex samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Campylobacter hepaticus, the Cause of Spotty Liver Disease in Chickens: Transmission and Routes of Infection

Phung

Vezina

Anwar³

et al. 2020

Front. Vet. Sci.

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The epidemiology of Spotty Liver Disease (SLD) was investigated by assaying 1,840 samples collected from layer chickens and the environment in poultry farms across Australia for the presence of Campylobacter hepaticus, the agent responsible SLD in chickens. A C. hepaticus specific PCR and bacterial culture were used. Results showed that birds could be infected with C. hepaticus up to 8 weeks before clinical SLD was manifested. In addition, birds could be infected long before laying starts, as young as 12 weeks old, but the peak period for SLD outbreaks was when the birds were 26-27 weeks old. Campylobacter hepaticus DNA was detected in motile organisms such as wild birds and rats and so these organisms may be vectors for C. hepaticus dissemination. Moreover, water, soil, mites, flies, and dust samples from SLD infected farms were also found to be PCR-positive for C. hepaticus DNA. However, it still remains to be determined whether these environmental sources carry any viable C. hepaticus. The indications from this study are that environmental sources are a likely transmission source of C. hepaticus. Therefore, biosecurity practices need to be strictly followed to prevent the spread of SLD amongst and between flocks. Also, a rapid, molecular detection method such as PCR should be used as to monitor for C. hepaticus presence in flocks before clinical disease is apparent, and therefore inform the use of biosecurity and therapeutic measures to help prevent SLD outbreaks.

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Campylobacteriosis

Zhang¹,

Şahin²

2019

Diseases of Poultry

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Campylobacter hepaticus, the cause of spotty liver disease in chickens, is present throughout the small intestine and caeca of infected birds

Cited by 35 publications

References 18 publications

A review of the novel thermophilicCampylobacter,Campylobacter hepaticus,a pathogen of poultry

A review of the novel thermophilicCampylobacter,Campylobacter hepaticus,a pathogen of poultry

Campylobacter hepaticus, the Cause of Spotty Liver Disease in Chickens: Transmission and Routes of Infection

Campylobacteriosis

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