Phyteuma Lange is represented by 14 spe cies distributed in Europe, southwestern Asia, and North Africa, with a main diversity center in the Mediterranean basin. Most of the species are narrow endemics (12 species) from the western (especially the Iberian Peninsula and northwestern Africa) or eastern (especially Turkey and Middle Eastern coasts) Mediterranean region. The section is a monophyletic group in the genus Reseda based on nrITS and plastid trnL-F sequences. Jiménez-Mejías (2009, 2013) reported that Reseda sect. Phyteuma has some taxonomic problems, particularly with species circumscrip tion or delimitation, which are mainly due to limited morphologic characters and hybridization.Martín-Bravo and Jiménez-Mejías (2013) revised Reseda sect. Phyteuma based on herbarium materials. They indicated that some species in Reseda sect. Phyteuma have a similar morphology at first glance, which causes their incorrect identification (mainly R. orientalis, R. odorata L., and R. balansae Müll.Arg.).Pollen morphology is of great taxonomic significance among the taxa of family Resedaceae, and it has been investigated in many studies (