CAMDEX: A Standardised Instrument for the Diagnosis of Mental Disorder in the Elderly with Special Reference to the Early Detection of Dementia

Roth, Martin; Tym, Elizabeth; Mountjoy, C.Q.; Huppert, Felicia A.; Hendrie, Hugh C.; Verma, Swapna; Goddard, Richard

doi:10.1192/bjp.149.6.698

Cited by 1,993 publications

(1,318 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Assessment of global cognitive measures included the mini‐mental state examination (MMSE; Folstein et al ., 1975) and the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG; Roth et al ., 1986). Motor parkinsonism was measured with Part III of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS‐III; Goetz et al ., 2008).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural grey matter changes in the substantia innominata in Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: a DARTEL‐VBM study

Colloby

Elder

Rabee

et al. 2016

Int J Geriat Psychiatry

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ObjectivesSeveral cholinergic nuclei, and in particular the nucleus basalis of Meynert, are localised to the substantia innominata in the basal forebrain. These nuclei provide major cholinergic innervation to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and have an essential role in cognitive function. The aim of this study was to investigate volumetric grey matter (GM) changes in the substantia innominata from structural T1 images in Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and healthy older participants using voxel‐based morphometry.MethodsParticipants (41 DLB, 47 AD and 39 controls) underwent 3 T T1 magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive assessments. Voxel‐based morphometry analysis used SPM8 with a substantia innominata brain mask to define the subspace for voxel GM analyses. Group differences, and selected behavioural and clinical correlates, were assessed.ResultsCompared with that in controls, bilateral GM loss in the substantia innominata was apparent in both AD and DLB. Relative to controls, significant bilateral GM loss in the substantia innominata was observed in DLB and AD. In DLB, significant associations were also observed between substantia innominata GM volume loss, and the levels of cognitive impairment and severity of cognitive fluctuations.ConclusionsRelative to that controls, atrophy of the substantia innominata was apparent in DLB and AD, and is associated with specific clinical manifestations in DLB. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural grey matter changes in the substantia innominata in Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: a DARTEL‐VBM study

Colloby

Elder

Rabee

et al. 2016

Int J Geriat Psychiatry

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“…We had validated this diagnostic method previously in a comparable sample against standardised interviews using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) criteria for major and minor depression [5,28] At follow-up, a research psychologist administered the revised version of the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly -Revised (CAMDEX) [31], a structured psychiatric interview for cognitive and mood disorders. The Italian language version of the CAMDEX was used in 34 non-fluent Italian speakers, administered by Italian-speaking psychologists [32].…”

Section: Clinical and Laboratory Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vascular depression in older people with diabetes

et al. 2006

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Aims/hypothesis Cerebrovascular disease may be causal or a vulnerability factor in late-onset depression and may explain the high rate of depression in older adults with diabetes. We explored a wide range of potential explanatory variables of depression in a longitudinal study of older diabetic subjects to investigate the vascular depression hypothesis in these patients. Methods We recruited 207 subjects with diabetes selected for potential cognitive deficits from an existing observational cohort study (average age 75.7±4.6 years, 52.2% men) for an assessment of depression using a standardised diagnostic instrument (Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders of the Elderly -Revised). All subjects underwent a detailed clinical assessment at baseline and at follow-up (after 7.5± 1.1 years). Results Major depression was present in 45 subjects (21.7%) and minor depression in ten (4.8%). A positive history of strokes and the presence of peripheral arterial disease were significantly associated with depression at the time of diagnosis. In a subsample of 93 cases who underwent structural neuroimaging, the presence of cerebral infarcts was also significantly associated with depression. Treatment with glucose-lowering therapy, higher serum cholesterol levels and difficulties with activities of daily living at baseline were significant predictors of depression at follow-up. Conclusions/interpretation A history of cerebrovascular disease was strongly associated with depression and cerebrovascular risk factors were significant predictors of depression in older diabetic patients. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the excess risk of depression in older diabetic patients is related to underlying cerebrovascular disease.

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“…In 1986, Roth et al (1986) incorporated the CDT into their comprehensive cognitive examination, the Cambrdige Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG), and starting in 1989, a spike in literature involving the CDT is apparent. Three independent scoring systems were published in 1989 alone with six more appearing before 1995 (Mainland and Shulman, 2013).…”

Section: Usage Of the Clock Drawing Test By Clinicians And Researchermentioning

confidence: 99%

The test of time: a history of clock drawing

Hazan

Frankenburg

Brenkel

et al. 2017

Int J Geriat Psychiatry

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Objective: The clock drawing test (CDT) has become one of the most widely used cognitive screening instruments in clinical and research settings. Its effectiveness, acceptability, and quick and easy administration have made it a staple for cognitive screening in dementia and a wide range of brain disorders. Despite a spike in popularity since the 1990s, its origins are relatively unknown. The goal of this review is to chronicle its saga and chart its usage over time. Methods: PsycInfo, Medline, and PubMed literature searches were performed from earliest record to June 2016, in addition to manual cross-referencing of bibliographies, with a focus before 1990. Summary of relevant articles and books up until 1989 is included, as well as clinical applications and surveys that track CDT usage over time. Results: While MacDonald Critchley's well-known textbook from 1953, The Parietal Lobes, is often cited as the first mention of the CDT, its recorded use actually stretches back more than a century to 1915. A review of the literature shows that the CDT began as a test for aphasia-related disorders and constructional apraxia until its entry into contemporary cognitive screening in the 1980s when it primarily became a cognitive screen. Its usage took off in 1989 with over 2000 publications since. Conclusions: Despite a fairly obscure existence for decades, the CDT has emerged as an effective and ideal cognitive screening instrument for a wide range of conditions. Its use continues to increase, and it has been incorporated into several widely used cognitive screening batteries.

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CAMDEX: A Standardised Instrument for the Diagnosis of Mental Disorder in the Elderly with Special Reference to the Early Detection of Dementia

Cited by 1,993 publications

References 18 publications

Structural grey matter changes in the substantia innominata in Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: a DARTEL‐VBM study

Structural grey matter changes in the substantia innominata in Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: a DARTEL‐VBM study

Vascular depression in older people with diabetes

The test of time: a history of clock drawing

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