Cambial sensitivity to rising temperatures by natural condition and artificial heating from late winter to early spring in the evergreen conifer Cryptomeria japonica

Abstract

Differences in the timing of cambial reactivation and the initiation of xylem differentiation in response to the sum of daily maximum temperatures were studied in two Cryptomeria japonica trees with cambium of different ages under natural and locally heated conditions. In addition, we observed the effects of low temperature on cambial activity. The timing of cambial reactivation and of the initiation of xylem differentiation differed between 55-and 80-year-old cambium under natural conditions. In the 55-year-old cambium, cambial reactivation occurred when the cambial reactivation index (CRI), calculated on the basis of daily maximum temperatures in excess of 10°C, was 94 and 97°C in 2007 and 2008, respectively. In 80-year-old cambium, cambial reactivation occurred when the CRI, calculated on the basis of daily maximum temperatures in excess of 11°C, was 69 and 71°C in 2007 and 2008, respectively. After cambial reactivation in 2007, normal cell division was evident in the cambium even though the minimum temperature had fallen between -2 and -3°C. Under natural conditions, xylem differentiation started 38-44 days after cambial reactivation. In heated stems, the time between cambial reactivation and the initiation of xylem differentiation ranged from 14 to 16 days, a much shorter time than under natural conditions, indicating that continuous exposure to an elevated temperature had induced earlier xylem differentiation. Our observations indicate that the sensitivity to reactivation inducing stimuli of the cambium depends on both the stage of dormancy and tree age of the cambium.

Temperate and boreal forest tree phenology: from organ-scale processes to terrestrial ecosystem models

“…From this ensemble of results, it is difficult to infer the influence of auxin produced in swelling or elongating buds on the timing of the onset of cambium division. The presence of auxins in overwintering tissues may decouple the onset of cambium division from the timing of bud elongation, as observed from stem heating experiments (Oribe et al 2003;Begum et al 2010). However, it is likely that the auxins produced in elongating buds are necessary for sustaining a high division rate in the newly activated cambium (Dufour and Morin 2010).…”

“…In natural stands, the onset of cambial activity occurs within a relatively narrow range of daily minimum air temperature (+2 to +7°C in 80% of the data; Rossi et al 2008), resulting in altitudinal gradients of cambium resumption (Moser et al 2010;Oladi et al 2010;Prislan et al 2013). Moreover, the resumption of cambial activity can be triggered during late winter by an artificial heating of tree stems (Oribe et al 2003;Begum et al 2007Begum et al , 2010. Interestingly, this artificial resumption of cambial activity can only be triggered during the ecodormancy phase of cambium tissue (referred to as the "quiescent phase" in Oribe and Kubo 1997;Begum et al 2013) after the chilling requirement has been fulfilled during endodormancy (referred to as the "rest phase" in Little and Bonga 1974;Begum et al 2013).…”

Age-Effect Radial Growth Responses of Picea schrenkiana to Climate Change in the Eastern Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China

“…in Taiwan, and Pinus cooperi Blanco in the Sierra Madre Occidental of northern Mexico [57][58][59][60]. As shown by a controlled experiment on cambial cell sensitivity to rising temperature of Cryptomeria japonica (L. f.) D. Don from different ages, the young tree growth trend would more easily be limited by long-term drought [61]. Compared to the stronger competitive advantage of old trees for resources, the middle and young trees obtained less moisture and nutrition with lower trunk height, shallower root systems and less trunk runoff, were more susceptible to long-term drought, and showed the rapid decline of growth rate [62][63][64].…”

Influence of Temperature on Cambial Activity and Cell Differentiation in Quercus Sessiliflora and Acer Pseudoplatanus of Different Ages

“…The effect of specifi c climatic factors on the mechanism of xylem and phloem growth ring formation can be studied on trees growing in their natural environment or under experimentally controlled conditions (e.g., Oribe et al, 2001; Gričar et al, 2006;Begum et al, 2008Begum et al, , 2010. Additionally, many controlled experiments have been performed on growing seedlings or saplings, allowing simulation of different growing conditions on the growth and adaptivity of young trees (e.g.…”

“…It has been demonstrated that the application of temperature in the period of either cambial activity or dormancy can cause alterations in its regular rhythm of periodicity and cell differentiation (e.g., Denne and Dodd, 1981;Mellerowicz et al, 1992; Barnett and Miller, 1994; Oribe and Kubo, 1997; Oribe et al, 2001; Gričar et al, 2006Gričar et al, , 2007Begum et al, 2007Begum et al, , 2008. The application of heat has revealed differences in the response of dormant cambium to treatments among different species of evergreen and deciduous habit (e.g., Oribe et al, 2003;Gričar et al, 2006;Begum et al, 2010); however, in all cases, temperature has been proven to be crucial for the onset of cell division and SAŽETAK • U radu je istraživan utjecaj grijanja (20-22 °C) i hlađenja (9-11 °C) The stem portion of the two trees of each species were heated with a 15 m long electric heat cable (FSM-17, 17W/+5°C, 11W/25°C, 230V) wrapped around 1 meter of the stem length. The lower part of the heating system was 70 cm above the ground.…”