The increasingly stringent internal combustion engines emissions regulations, the extended use of after-treatment systems, the climatic change as consequence of green house gases emissions and the decrease of fossil fuel storages, have moved the research interest towards optimization of the internal combustion engine operation with the aim of reaching the maximum efficiency possible. This renewed interest takes into account the optimization of all the engine subsystems to reduce as much as possible the energy losses. In this framework, the evaluation and optimization of the engine mechanisms and auxiliary systems, aimed at reducing the friction and parasitic energy consumption is one common path to achieve the efficiency targets. This work is devoted to the development of a model to determine the friction losses and the auxiliary energy consumption, based on parameters usually obtained in standard test benches. This model allows the diagnosis of the subsystems behaviour as well as the evaluation of potential improvement by replacing or redesign some parts and components. In this work, a complete description of the models to estimate friction in the piston assembly, bearings and valve train, and energy consumption of the coolant, oil and fuel pump are provided. Finally, a brief application to demonstrate the model potential in diagnosis and predictive applications is discussed.