Calprotectin in rheumatic diseases: a review

Abstract

Calprotectin also known as MRP8/14 or S100A8/A9 is a heterodimeric complex of two S100 calcium-binding proteins: myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP-8 or S100A8) and MRP-14 (or S100A9). At present, according to many authors, it is considered that calprotectin MRP8/14 is a potentially more sensitive biomarker of disease activity in rheumatoid disease than conventional inflammatory indices such as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein and others. A review of the literature on concentration of calprotectin in patients with some rheumatic diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, adult-onset Still’s disease, systemic vasculitis, polymyalgia rheumatica, ankylosis spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and primary Sjögren’s syndrome) is presented.

Laboratory diagnostics and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis — the past and the present

“…A good correlation was also found between the concentration of calprotectin in the plasma and synovial fluid [24]. Higher concentrations of calprotectin have been detected in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared to osteoarthritis or spondyloarthritis [24,[28][29]. Moreover, elevated levels of calprotectin have been shown in RF-positive patients than in RF-negative RA patients [29].…”

“…The focus of researchers is primarily biomarkers useful for assessing disease activity and prognosis of joint damage in patients with RA. Recently, anti-carbamylated (anti-carP) antibodies and calprotectin have been described in RA, which also appears to be promising in the diagnosis of this disease [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30].…”

“…calprotectin Calprotectin, also known also as myeloid-related protein MRP8/14, protein S100A8/A9, the L1 protein, or calgranulin A and B, belongs to the S100 protein family and www.journals.viamedica.pl/medical_research_journal consists of two calcium-binding subunits that form the heterodimer complex S100A8/S100A9 (MRP8/MRP14) [26,[28][29]. To date, over 20 proteins belonging to the S100 family have been identified [29].…”

“…The MRP8/14 molecular weight is determined at 36.5 kDa and the biological half-life in plasma is five hours. Although calprotectin was isolated in 1980 by Fagerhola et al, the term was later proposed to reflect the role of this protein in epithelial protection as well as its fungicidal and bactericidal activity [28]. Unlike other S100 family proteins, besides Ca 2+ ions, calprotectin also binds Zn 2+ ions, which affects the process of apoptosis.…”

“…It is known that this protein is secreted in non-classical pathway and is not synthesised de novo [30]. Calprotectin secreted from activated granulocytes and macrophages shows pro-inflammatory activity in vitro against phagocytes and endothelial cells, and in vivo causes inflammation [28].…”