Calorimetric Determination of Unfrozen Water in Montmorillonite Pastes

Kolaian, Jack H.; Low, Philip F.

doi:10.1097/00010694-196306000-00002

Cited by 32 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…The thickness, h, of the nonfreezing interlayers has previously been measured using calorimetry (1,2), dilatometry (3,4), and magnetic resonance analysis (5,6), and it has been shown that the thickness of the nonfreezing interlayers ranges from 25-30 nm at −0.2…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to (7), the disjoining pressure, = P 0 − P, of a thin flat liquid layer (or interlayer) is determined as a difference between the pressure in an ambient bulk liquid phase, P 0 , and the pressure, P, in a layer of thickness h. The disjoining pressure isotherm, (h), is a thermodynamic function, which is 1 Current position: Visiting Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, LE11 3TU, UK. 2 To whom correspondence should be addressed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Eq. [1] the sign of the structural component of the disjoining pressure, s , depends on the sign of the derivatives dH s /dh and dS s /dh. For example, if dG s /dh > 0, s < 0, and vice versa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disjoining Pressure of Thin Nonfreezing Interlayers

Churaev

Соболев

Starov

2002

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disjoining Pressure of Thin Nonfreezing Interlayers

Churaev

Соболев

Starov

2002

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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“…The particle surfaces must be partly responsible for this difference because the exchangeable cations alone cannot account for it (e.g. Anderson and Low, 1958;Kolaian and Low, 1963;Davey and Low, 1971). Therefore, it has been assumed that a unique water structure is bonded to and propogated away from the surface oxygens of each particle, probably as suggested by Hendricks and Jefferson (1938), Macey (1942) or Bernal (1957).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relation Between Swelling, Water Properties and b-Dimension in Montmorillonite-Water Systems

Ravina

1972

Clays and clay miner.

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Abstract-The b-dimensions of the unit cells of six different Na-saturated montmorillonites were determined by X-ray diffraction at water Contents ranging from 0 to 20 g per g of montmorillonite.In every case, the b-dimension increased progressively with water content from its initial value, which was characteristic of each dry montmorillonite, to a final value of -9.0 A, which was common to all montmorillonites. The latter value was reached when the water contents of the respective montmorillonites were equal to those at maximal swelling. When these water contents were plotted against the corresponding changes in b-dimension, a straight line that passed through the origin was obtained.Different structure-sensitive properties of the water in montmorillonite-water systems (i.e. the partial specific volume, the amount remaining unfrozen at -5~ and the activation energy required for ions to move through it) were available, as functions of the species of exchangeable cation, from previous studies. Relevant b-dimensions were determined in the present study. It was found that all of these water properties were correlated with the b-dimension of the associated montmorillonite.Our results indicate that epitaxy exists between the crystal lattices of montmorillonite and adsorbed water and that these lattices undergo mutual adjustment with each increment of water. The resulting loss of free energy causes water adsorption, i.e. swelling, to occur spontaneously. Swelling stops when no further adjustment takes place. This does not happen until the adsorbed water is several hundred angstroms thick and has achieved a preferred configuration.

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“…Polywater freezes at a relatively low temperature (Deryagin, Churaev et al, 1967: Anisimova et al, 1967, as does some of the water in clay systems (e.g., Anderson and Hoekstra, 1965: Anderson, 1968). It appears that interaction of the water with the particle surfaces is a significant factor in preventing freezing in these systems (Buehrer and Rose, 1943;Kolaian and Low, 1963). 8.…”

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confidence: 99%