Caloric vs. pharmacologic effects of ethanol consumption on activity anorexia in rats

Spigelman, Manly N.; McLeod, Wayne S.; Rockman, Gary E.

doi:10.1016/0091-3057(91)90401-m

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…For example, rats that are considered “addiction prone”—they are more likely to self-administer addictive drugs than rats from other strains—also exhibit excessive levels of voluntary wheel running (Werme et al, 1999); examples are cited in Table 2. Female rats given access to running wheels in combination with food restriction will further escalate their running behavior and will forego the opportunity to eat, ultimately leading to their death (Routtenberg and Kuznesof, 1967; Spigelman et al, 1991). This behavioral pattern suggests that animals are willing to engage in wheel-running behavior in a way that parallels humans' willingness to engage in drug use despite dangerous or dire consequences (Robinson, 2004).…”

Section: Behavioral Aspects Of Wheel Running: Wheel Running Affectmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of a running wheel to measure activity in rodents: Relationship to energy balance, general activity, and reward

Novak

Burghardt

Levine

2012

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

257

210

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Running wheels are commonly employed to measure rodent physical activity in a variety of contexts, including studies of energy balance and obesity. There is no consensus on the nature of wheel-running activity or its underlying causes, however. Here, we will begin by systematically reviewing how running wheel availability affects physical activity and other aspects of energy balance in laboratory rodents. While wheel running and physical activity in the absence of a wheel commonly correlate in a general sense, in many specific aspects the two do not correspond. In fact, the presence of running wheels alters several aspects of energy balance, including body weight and composition, food intake, and energy expenditure of activity. We contend that wheel-running activity should be considered a behavior in and of itself, reflecting several underlying behavioral processes in addition to a rodent's general, spontaneous activity. These behavioral processes include defensive behavior, predatory aggression, and depression- and anxiety-like behaviors. As it relates to energy balance, wheel running engages several brain systems—including those related to the stress response, mood, and reward, and those responsive to growth factors—that influence energy balance indirectly. We contend that wheel-running behavior represents factors in addition to rodents' tendency to be physically active, engaging additional neural and physiological mechanisms which can then independently alter energy balance and behavior. Given the impact of wheel-running behavior on numerous overlapping systems that influence behavior and physiology, this review outlines the need for careful design and interpretation of studies that utilize running wheels as a means for exercise or as a measurement of general physical activity.

show abstract

Section: Behavioral Aspects Of Wheel Running: Wheel Running Affectmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of a running wheel to measure activity in rodents: Relationship to energy balance, general activity, and reward

Novak

Burghardt

Levine

2012

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

257

210

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…But whereas food deprivation is often essential to get the rats to use nicotine, it introduces another confounding factor in these studies: Hunger activates behavior in rats, a phenomenon just as well documented as the stimulating effect of nicotine. Food-restriction causes a remarkable increase in the use of activitywheels and may lead to the cessation of the estrous cycle in females, loss of body weight, and even self-starvation (e.g., Routtenberg and Kuznesof, 1967;Routtenberg, 1968;Spatz and Jones, 1971;Woods and Routtenberg, 1971;Santos and Routtenberg, 1972;Kanarek and Collier, 1983;Spigelman et al, 1991;Watanabe et al, 1992;Lett and Grant, 1996;Lett et al, 1997), a phenomenon that has been proposed as an animal model of anorexia nervosa (Aravich et al, 1985;Pirke et al, 1993;Davis et al, 1994;Davis, 1997;Davis and Claridge, 1998). Such general activation may well increase the rate of lever pressing in self-administration studies, an effect that is liable to be falsely attributed to the reinforcing properties of nicotine.…”

Section: Food Deprivation Induces Nonspecific Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine Self-Administration in Animals: A Reevaluation

Dar

Frenk

2002

Addiction Research & Theory

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Nicotine self-administration in animals is often viewed as compelling evidence that nicotine is reinforcing to animals and as corroborating the widely accepted thesis that nicotine is a major cause of smoking. This review examines the studies of nicotine self-administration in animals in the past two decades, focusing on threats to the internal and external validity of these studies and on the extent to which they support the thesis that nicotine is reinforcing in animals. The review shows that nicotine self-administration studies are fraught with severe methodological problems. These include omission of essential controls for general activation and other systemic effects of nicotine, insufficient consideration of secondary reinforcement processes, using food-deprived or confined animals and exclusion of subjects that do not conform to the investigators' preferred behavior. As a result of these systematic flaws, the role of nicotine as a reinforcer in this paradigm has not been established.

show abstract

“…Rats are normally able to adapt to 23-hr food deprivation cycles, consuming a large percentage of their usual daily intake in the hour when food is provided (Reid & Finger, 1955). However, if rats are introduced simultaneously to restricted feeding and to a running wheel, the usual feeding suppression still occurs and running escalates to extreme levels (Hall & Hanford, 1954; Reid & Finger, 1957; Routtenberg, 1968; Routtenberg & Kuznesof, 1967; Spigelman, McLeod, & Rockman, 1991). The combined effect of the feeding suppression and elevated running is so severe that most rats lose weight and die of energy exhaustion unless the experiment is terminated (Pare, Natelson, Vincent, & Isom, 1980).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, if combined with food restriction, wheel running increases even more rapidly and to higher levels. This can prove fatal to the rats (Reid & Finger, 1955, 1957; Routtenberg, 1968; Routtenberg & Kuznesof, 1967; Spigelman et al., 1991). As the number of parallels between wheel running and drug self-administration increase, wheel running gains potential as a possible model of addictive behaviors.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wheel access duration in rats: I. Effects on feeding and running.

Lattanzio

Eikelboom

2003

Behavioral Neuroscience

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The effects of 0-, 2-, and 24-hr wheel access on the pattern of running, feeding, and weight were explored over 24 days in 3 groups of 8 male rats. Both 2 and 24 hr of wheel access suppressed feeding by about 15% for about 8 days before feeding gradually returned to normal. Weight in these 2 groups was similar and was suppressed for the 24 days. Like the pattern seen with drug self-administration (S. H. Ahmed & G. F. Koob, 1998, 1999), running levels stayed low with short, 2-hr daytime wheel access, but with long, 24-hr access, rats' running escalated over days to chronically high levels. These results may have relevance for the understanding of addiction and anorexia nervosa.

show abstract

Caloric vs. pharmacologic effects of ethanol consumption on activity anorexia in rats

Cited by 6 publications

References 19 publications

The use of a running wheel to measure activity in rodents: Relationship to energy balance, general activity, and reward

The use of a running wheel to measure activity in rodents: Relationship to energy balance, general activity, and reward

Nicotine Self-Administration in Animals: A Reevaluation

Wheel access duration in rats: I. Effects on feeding and running.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About