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High callus production is a feasible way to improve the propagation coefficient of garlic. It remains unknown how genotypes and explants affect garlic callus formation. In the present investigation, we found that there were significant differences in callus formation among garlic varieties. Tip explants were the best calli-producing source, and 91.05% of the explants from four varieties, on average, formed calli after 45 d of primary culturing. Upper leaf parts explants produced lower values. Among the different varieties and explant types, tip explants of variety T141 induced calli in the shortest time and had the greatest callus fresh weight at 45 d. An endogenous hormone contents analysis showed that auxins (indole-3-acetic acid and methyl indole-3-acetic acetate), cytokinins (trans-zeatin and dihydrozeatin), gibberellins 4, 9,15,19,24 and 53 , abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine, and dihydrojasmonic acid were significantly greater in the tips than those in the upper leaf parts. High endogenous jasmonic acid content might play important roles in callus formation. These results will help us not only establish an efficient garlic callus induction protocol that can be applied to large-scale callus multiplication and regeneration, and to genetically improvement of garlic production, but also understand endogenous hormone roles in tissue/organ differentiation and dedifferentiation.
High callus production is a feasible way to improve the propagation coefficient of garlic. It remains unknown how genotypes and explants affect garlic callus formation. In the present investigation, we found that there were significant differences in callus formation among garlic varieties. Tip explants were the best calli-producing source, and 91.05% of the explants from four varieties, on average, formed calli after 45 d of primary culturing. Upper leaf parts explants produced lower values. Among the different varieties and explant types, tip explants of variety T141 induced calli in the shortest time and had the greatest callus fresh weight at 45 d. An endogenous hormone contents analysis showed that auxins (indole-3-acetic acid and methyl indole-3-acetic acetate), cytokinins (trans-zeatin and dihydrozeatin), gibberellins 4, 9,15,19,24 and 53 , abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine, and dihydrojasmonic acid were significantly greater in the tips than those in the upper leaf parts. High endogenous jasmonic acid content might play important roles in callus formation. These results will help us not only establish an efficient garlic callus induction protocol that can be applied to large-scale callus multiplication and regeneration, and to genetically improvement of garlic production, but also understand endogenous hormone roles in tissue/organ differentiation and dedifferentiation.
Аннотация. Статья посвящена вопросу получения оздоровленного посадочного материала чеснока озимого in vitro из воздушных луковичек. В статье проведен анализ влияния возраста соцветия сортов чеснока озимого, гормонального состава питательной среды MS на морфогенез воздушных луковичек чеснока в культуре in vitro. Установлено, что использование воздушных луковичек для введения чеснока озимого в культуру in vitro, изолированных из нераскрывшихся соцветий диаметром до 25 мм, позволяет получить свободные от внутренней инфекции растения. Доказано, что культивирование воздушных луковичек на среде MS, содержащей БА в концентрации 2 мг/л и НУК-1 мг/л, сопровождается образованием проростков, а затем-растений, в основании которых формируются луковички. Адаптация таких растений к условиям ex vitro сопровождается получением однозубковых луковиц, из которых в условиях открытого грунта образуются многозубковые луковицы. 1 Ключевые слова: чеснок озимый, регулятор роста, регенерант, адаптация, оздоровление посадочного материала.
Garlic is exclusively vegetatively propagated plant which damaged by numerous virus, bacterial, fungus and other phytopathogens. Under propagation of damaged plants phytopathogens are transferred to progeny that leads to decrease in productivity, loss of quality, storability and frequently to degeneration of cultivars. In this regard improvement of landing material is obligate stage of the modern technologies of garlic production. Experimentally reasonable technology of the obtaining revitalized landing material of winter garlic based on in vitro cultivation of air bulbils on MS medium containing BA in concentration of 2 mg/l and NAA – 1 mg/l, which followed by formation of sprouts and then plants with bulbs is presented in the article. It is established that application of graduated sterilization of air bulbils isolated from not revealed inflorescences with diameter up to 25 mm for introduction in vitro culture allows to obtain plants free of internal infections. One of important factors influencing effectiveness of induction of morphogenesis is the plant genotype. Cultivar Emperor was characterized by high morphogenetic potential in vitro culture which significantly surpassed cultivar Gladiator at all stages of cultivation. The share of vital explants of Emperor cultivar consisted of 74,2%, and Gladiator cultivar – 56,3%. The morphogenesis of air bulbils in vitro conditions depends on their age. The share of vital micro bulbs with leaves formed under cultivation of air bulbils within 21 days isolated on 7th day after of exit of inflorescences from leaf sockets in depending on cultivar consisted of 65,0% and 76,4%. Cultivation of air bulbils of more old age is followed by their 100% growth with formation of leaves and microbulbs. Adaptation of such plants to ex vitro conditions is followed by obtaining monoclove bulbs cultivation of which in the open ground conditions leaded to formation of polyclove bulbs.Cultivation of plants in vitro on the medium containing sucrose in concentration of 10% gives the chance to keep viability material within 5-6 months.
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