Callogenesis optimization of some globe artichoke [Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori] cultivars based on in vivo and in vitro leaf explants

Abstract

Globe artichoke’s [Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori] leaves are rich in polyphenols and due to health-promoting properties artichoke growing has been gaining interest. Optimization and development of valuable bioactive components, which are not in the standard amount in raw material can be achieved and increased with the assistance of in vitro techniques such as callus and subsequently cell suspension cultures. Therefore, in the present study in vitro callogenesis optimization of three globe artichoke cultivars was studied by using 29 different media combinations, based on basic Gamborg B5 medium supplemented with various concentrations of 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and Kinetin. Comparisons were made on the basis of using in vivo and in vitro leaves as explant material. In the experiment several parameters such as leaf explants development (%), callus formation (%), and callus weight (g) were assessed for each related cultivar. Results revealed that having auxin: cytokinin concentrations together at enough and well-balanced, having equal amounts or 10:1 concentrations of auxin: cytokinin, concentrations in media combinations are indispensable for stimulating the callogenesis in globe artichoke. The findings of the present study clearly revealed that, there were differences among cultivars regarding callus induction by using in vivo and in vitro leaf explants while in vivo leaf explants came into prominence regarding callus formation and weights. It is assumed that the findings of the present study may play a complementary and auxiliary role in several areas such as pharmaceutical engineering of globe artichoke.

Effects of Callus Cell Suspension Cultures and Elicitor Applications on Bioactive Components in Globe Artichoke [Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori]

“…For establishing the callus cultures from newly formed leaf explants, several media compositions were assessed according to Ozsan and Onus, (2020b). The medium compositions consisted of Gamborg B5 basic media (Gamborg et al, 1968) supplemented with plant growth regulators (BAP, NAA, Kin, 2,4-D) at various concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg L -1 ), and all medium combinations contained 30.0 g L -1 sucrose and 6 g L -1 plant agar, pH was adjusted to 5.8 before autoclaved.…”

“…Suspension cultures were established for each cultivar by transferring 1.0 g fresh weight of friable calli onto Gamborg B5 liquid medium; (50 mL) within 250 mL capacity of Erlenmeyer flasks. They were strengthened with several concentrations of plant growth regulators depending on each cultivar's response as down stated and based on findings of Ozsan and Onus, (2020b).…”

“…For 'Olympus' F1 hybrid cultivar, (1) 1.0 mg L -1 BAP + 2.0 mg L -1 NAA (medium no 19). These media combinations were chosen for present study because they were found to be highly effective on callus formation with good enough amounts (Ozsan and Onus, 2020b).…”

“…In many previous studies conducted on callus and suspension culture in different crops, it has been revealed that PGRs are so important factor for callogenesis. It has been also reported that another essential factor is that these PGRs should be added at appropriate concentrations and combinations to culture media (Ozsan and Onus, 2020b). It is possible to say that the PGRs combination of kinetin + 2,4-D is more effective than the BAP + NAA combination.…”

Phylogeny and Pathogenicity of Phytophthora Species Associated with Artichoke Crown and Root Rot and Description of Phytophthora marrasii sp. nov.

“…The cultivar "Spinoso sardo" is the main cultivated variety as it is appreciated by local, national, and international markets [14,15]. Recently, some cultivars with thornless capitula, such as "Romanesco" and "Tema", have been growing in importance thanks to the use of micropropagated plants [4,16,17]. In Sardinia, cropping is biannual or annual, depending on water availability and the incidence and impact of diseases [18,19].…”