Call to action: A literature review of Chagas disease risk in California 1916–2018

Valdez-Tah, Alba; Ibarra-Cerdeña, Carlos N.

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009035

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In the USA, T. cruzi infection has been reported in dogs across the southern states [18][19][20]. Studies from Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana report dog infection prevalence from 3.6-22.1%, and up to 57.6% in some multi-dog kennels, or kennels with more than one dog [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High incidence of Trypanosoma cruzi infections in dogs directly detected through longitudinal tracking at 10 multi-dog kennels, Texas, USA

et al. 2021

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Canine Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is increasingly recognized as a health concern for dogs in the USA, and infected dogs may signal geographic regions of risk for human disease. Dogs living in multi-dog kennel environments (kennels with more than one dog) where triatomine vectors are endemic may be at high risk for infection. We monitored a cohort of 64 T. cruzi-infected and uninfected dogs across 10 kennels in Texas, USA, to characterize changes in infection status over one year. We used robust diagnostic criteria in which reactivity on multiple independent platforms was required to be considered positive. Among the 30 dogs enrolled as serologically- and/or PCR-positive, all but one dog showed sustained positive T. cruzi diagnostic results over time. Among the 34 dogs enrolled as serologically- and PCR-negative, 10 new T. cruzi infections were recorded over a 12-month period. The resulting incidence rate for dogs initially enrolled as T. cruzi-negative was 30.7 T. cruzi infections per 100 dogs per year. This study highlights the risk of T. cruzi infection to dogs in kennel environments. To protect both dog and human health, there is an urgent need to develop more integrated vector control methods as well as prophylactic and curative antiparasitic treatment options for T. cruzi infection in dogs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High incidence of Trypanosoma cruzi infections in dogs directly detected through longitudinal tracking at 10 multi-dog kennels, Texas, USA

et al. 2021

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“…Triatoma protracta has demonstrated that it will invade human dwellings in California and has led to serious allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis [19]. Our investigation has revealed the first documented report of T. cruzi in Mendocino County, California, and T. cruzi-infected triatomine invasion into a human dwelling in this region of California [20,21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Anaphylactic Reactions Due to Triatoma protracta (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) and Invasion into a Home in Northern California, USA

Beatty

White

Bhosale

et al. 2021

Insects

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Background: Triatoma protracta is a triatomine found naturally throughout many regions of California and has been shown to invade human dwellings and bite residents. A man living in Mendocino County, California, reported developing anaphylactic reactions due to the bite of an “unusual bug”, which he had found in his home for several years. Methods: We conducted environmental, entomological, and clinical investigations to examine the risk for kissing bug invasion, presence of Trypanosoma cruzi, and concerns for Chagas disease at this human dwelling with triatomine invasion. Results: Home assessment revealed several risk factors for triatomine invasion, which includes pack rat infestation, above-ground wooden plank floor without a concrete foundation, canine living in the home, and lack of residual insecticide use. Triatomines were all identified as Triatoma protracta. Midgut molecular analysis of the collected triatomines revealed the detection of T. cruzi discrete typing unit I among one of the kissing bugs. Blood meal PCR-based analysis showed these triatomines had bitten humans, canine and unidentified snake species. The patient was tested for chronic Chagas disease utilizing rapid diagnostic testing and laboratory serological testing, and all were negative. Conclusions: Triatoma protracta is known to invade human dwellings in the western portions of the United States. This is the first report of T. cruzi-infected triatomines invading homes in Mendocino County, California. Triatoma protracta is a known vector responsible for autochthonous Chagas disease within the United States, and their bites can also trigger serious systemic allergic reactions, such as anaphylaxis.

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“…A recent study called to reduce the active circulation of CD in California, USA (Valdez‐Tah & Ibarra‐Cerdeña, 2021). Results from this latter study revealed the importance of tracking the disease in Mexico, considering the importance of the country as a well‐known tourist destination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These distributional patterns were driven by climatic factors alone; however, other factors may derive these patterns too, for example, human population activity and house hygiene. Higher housing standards in the USA derived lower occurrences of domestic triatomines and human CD (Valdez‐Tah & Ibarra‐Cerdeña, 2021). Several previous studies assessed the effect of climate changes on the distributional potential of other triatomine species (Garrido et al, 2019; Garza et al, 2014; Medone et al, 2015) across different countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential distributions of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and its vector Dipetalogaster maxima highlight areas at risk of Chagas disease transmission in Baja California Sur, Mexico, under climate change

Flores-López

Moo‐Llanes

Romero-Figueroa

et al. 2022

Medical Vet Entomology

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Dipetalogaster maxima is a primary vector of Chagas disease in the Cape region of Baja California Sur, Mexico. The geographic distribution of D. maxima is limited to this small region of the Baja California Peninsula in Mexico. Our study aimed to construct the ecological niche models (ENMs) of this understudied vector species and the parasite responsible for Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi). We modelled the ecological niches of both species under current and future climate change projections in 2050 using four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs): RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, and RCP 8.5. We also assessed the human population at risk of exposure to D. maxima bites, the hypothesis of ecological niche equivalency and similarity between D. maxima and T. cruzi, and finally the abundance centroid hypothesis. The ENM predicted a higher overlap between both species in the Western and Southern coastal regions of the Baja California Peninsula. The climate change scenarios predicted a Northern shift in the ecological niche of both species. Our findings suggested that the highly tourist destination of Los Cabos is a high‐risk zone for Chagas disease circulation. Overall, the study provides valuable data to vector surveillance and control programs.

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Call to action: A literature review of Chagas disease risk in California 1916–2018

Cited by 7 publications

References 34 publications

High incidence of Trypanosoma cruzi infections in dogs directly detected through longitudinal tracking at 10 multi-dog kennels, Texas, USA

High incidence of Trypanosoma cruzi infections in dogs directly detected through longitudinal tracking at 10 multi-dog kennels, Texas, USA

Anaphylactic Reactions Due to Triatoma protracta (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) and Invasion into a Home in Northern California, USA

Potential distributions of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and its vector Dipetalogaster maxima highlight areas at risk of Chagas disease transmission in Baja California Sur, Mexico, under climate change

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