California verbal learning test: Normative data for the elderly

Paolo, Anthony M.; Tröster, Alexander I.; Ryan, Joseph J.

doi:10.1080/01688639708403853

Cited by 64 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…There is a known association between increasing age and decreasing performance (Delis et al., 2000; Wiens, Tindall, & Crossen, 1994; Paolo, Troster, & Ryan, 1997) and hence the CVLT‐II manual recommends controlling for age when analyzing CVLT‐II performance (Delis et al., 2000). In our sample, age was a statistically significant independent predictor of poorer verbal memory performance across all CVLT‐II subscales, which may be due to a combination of normal cerebral aging processes leading to slower verbal memory processing—a finding consistent with prior reports in mTBI (Jacobs et al., 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (APOE‐ε4) genotype is associated with decreased 6‐month verbal memory performance after mild traumatic brain injury

et al. 2017

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IntroductionThe apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele associates with memory impairment in neurodegenerative diseases. Its association with memory after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is unclear.Methods mTBI patients (Glasgow Coma Scale score 13–15, no neurosurgical intervention, extracranial Abbreviated Injury Scale score ≤1) aged ≥18 years with APOE genotyping results were extracted from the Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury Pilot (TRACK‐TBI Pilot) study. Cohorts determined by APOE‐ε4(+/−) were assessed for associations with 6‐month verbal memory, measured by California Verbal Learning Test, Second Edition (CVLT‐II) subscales: Immediate Recall Trials 1–5 (IRT), Short‐Delay Free Recall (SDFR), Short‐Delay Cued Recall (SDCR), Long‐Delay Free Recall (LDFR), and Long‐Delay Cued Recall (LDCR). Multivariable regression controlled for demographic factors, seizure history, loss of consciousness, posttraumatic amnesia, and acute intracranial pathology on computed tomography (CT).ResultsIn 114 mTBI patients (APOE‐ε4(−)=79; APOE‐ε4(+)=35), ApoE‐ε4(+) was associated with long‐delay verbal memory deficits (LDFR: B = −1.17 points, 95% CI [−2.33, −0.01], p = .049; LDCR: B = −1.58 [−2.63, −0.52], p = .004), and a marginal decrease on SDCR (B = −1.02 [−2.05, 0.00], p = .050). CT pathology was the strongest predictor of decreased verbal memory (IRT: B = −8.49, SDFR: B = −2.50, SDCR: B = −1.85, LDFR: B = −2.61, LDCR: B = −2.60; p < .001). Seizure history was associated with decreased short‐term memory (SDFR: B = −1.32, p = .037; SDCR: B = −1.44, p = .038).ConclusionThe APOE‐ε4 allele may confer an increased risk of impairment of 6‐month verbal memory for patients suffering mTBI, with implications for heightened surveillance and targeted therapies. Acute intracranial pathology remains the driver of decreased verbal memory performance at 6 months after mTBI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous reports regarding education effects on the CVLT‐II are more unclear; Paolo et al. (1997) report that education affects only 14% of CVLT‐II indices, and Wiens et al. (1994) did not find a consistent contribution of education to CVLT‐II.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (APOE‐ε4) genotype is associated with decreased 6‐month verbal memory performance after mild traumatic brain injury

et al. 2017

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“…The CVLT-II has high internal consistency (α= .94; Delis et al, 2000) and demonstrated validity of responses in adults across age and sex (Paolo, Troster, & Ryan, 1997).…”

Section: Episodic Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Explaining individual differences in cognitive processes underlying hindsight bias

et al. 2014

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Outcome knowledge influences recall of earlier predictions of an event. Compared to younger adults, older adults are more susceptible to the two underlying bias processes that contribute to this hindsight bias (HB) phenomenon, recollection bias and reconstruction bias. However, the role of cognitive abilities in these processes remains unclear. In Experiment 1, we extended the multinomial processing tree model for HB by incorporating individual variation in cognitive abilities into parameter estimation in a sample of 60 older (M = 72.50, range = 65 to 87) and 62 younger (M = 20.10, range = 18 to 25) adults. In older adults, our findings revealed that (1) higher episodic memory was associated with higher recollection ability in the absence of outcome knowledge, (2) higher episodic memory, inhibitory control, and working memory capacity were associated with higher recollection ability in the presence of outcome knowledge, and (3) higher inhibitory control was associated with less reconstruction bias. Although the pattern of effects was similar in younger adults, the cognitive covariates did not significantly predict the underlying processes in this age group.In Experiment 2, we collected memory judgment HB data on an additional 80 older adults (M = 71.40, range = 65 to 87) to assess whether a) experimentally increasing inhibition demands via outcome rehearsal during the HB task impacts the underlying HB processes, and b) the effects of this cognitive load manipulation on the underlying HB processes vary with an individuals' inherent cognitive abilities. Our findings revealed that cognitive load increased recollection bias independently of individuals' cognitive abilities. I would like to give a special thank you to Brant for his inspiration and statistical assistance, and his endless love and confidence in me.vi

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“…On the long-delay free recall variable, the e4-group recalled slightly more words compared to the e4+ group (10.1 vs. 8.1). The raw scores were also converted to standard scores with age and gender corrected norms (Paolo et al, 1997). Again, both e4+ and e4-groups performed within normal limits (e4+ z-score = -.25; e4-z-score = .21) compared to same age peers.…”

Section: Contrast Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In separate comparisons, raw scores from DS and SS were converted to age-scaled percentile scores and groups were compared with 2-tailed t-tests. In addition, groups were compared on the total number of words recalled on the CVLT long-delay free recall (LDFR), and on age and gender adjusted standard scores (Paolo, Troester, & Ryan, 1997) for LDFR.…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetry in Auditory and Spatial Attention Span in Normal Elderly Genetically At Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease

Jacobson

Delis

Bondi

et al. 2005

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

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Some studies of elderly individuals with the ApoE-e4 genotype noted subtle deficits on tests of attention such as the WAIS-R Digit Span subtest, but these findings have not been consistently reported. One possible explanation for the inconsistent results could be the presence of subgroups of e4+ individuals with asymmetric cognitive profiles (i.e., significant discrepancies between verbal and visuospatial skills). Comparing genotype groups with individual, modality-specific tests might obscure subtle differences between verbal and visuospatial attention in these asymmetric subgroups. In this study, we administered the WAIS-R Digit Span and WMS-R Visual Memory Span subtests to 21 nondemented elderly e4+ individuals and 21 elderly e4-individuals matched on age, education, and overall cognitive ability. We hypothesized that a) the e4+ group would show a higher incidence of asymmetric cognitive profiles when comparing Digit Span/ Visual Memory Span performance relative to the e4-group; and (b) an analysis of individual test performance would fail to reveal differences between the two subject groups. Although the groups' performances were comparable on the individual attention span tests, the e4+ group showed a significantly larger discrepancy between digit span and spatial span scores compared to the e4-group. These findings suggest that contrast measures of modality-specific attentional skills may be more sensitive to subtle group differences in at-risk groups, even when the groups do not differ on individual comparisons of standardized test means. The increased discrepancy between verbal and visuospatial attention may reflect the presence of "subgroups" within the ApoE-e4 group that are qualitatively similar to asymmetric subgroups commonly associated with the earliest stages of AD.

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California verbal learning test: Normative data for the elderly

Cited by 64 publications

References 15 publications

Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (APOE‐ε4) genotype is associated with decreased 6‐month verbal memory performance after mild traumatic brain injury

Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (APOE‐ε4) genotype is associated with decreased 6‐month verbal memory performance after mild traumatic brain injury

Explaining individual differences in cognitive processes underlying hindsight bias

Asymmetry in Auditory and Spatial Attention Span in Normal Elderly Genetically At Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease

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