Calibration of NPS Model Loading Factors

Hartigan, John P.; Quasebarth, Thomas F.; Southerland, E. Marie

doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1983)109:6(1259)

Cited by 25 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…EPA, 1976;and U.S. EPA, 1983). Hartigan et al (1983) differentiated between urban land uses, reporting median or mean nitrogen and phosphorus export from residential (6.7 and 0.96 kg/ha) and commercial (12.0 and 1.44 kg/ha) land uses. Other researchers differentiated between the degree of urban density, with export from low to high density areas ranging from 5.4 to 18.0 kg nitrogen/ha and 0.99 to 2.45 kg phosphorus/ha annually (U.S. EPA, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollutant Export from Various Land Uses in the Upper Neuse River Basin

Line

White²,

Osmond³

et al. 2002

Water Environment Research

113

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Because of the relatively high variability of pollutant export from urban land uses, a significant number of monitoring studies, including data from many storms, are needed to adequately characterize export from urban land uses. Pollutant runoff from six small drainage areas with different land uses was monitored for at least 20 storm events over the course of more than 1 year. The land uses included singlefamily residential, golf course, industrial, dairy cow pasture, construction site, and wooded site. Average event mean concentrations and total annual load were computed for nitrogen forms, total phosphorus, and sediment from the land uses. Annual total nitrogen export was greatest for the construction land use during the house-building phase, followed closely by the residential and golf course land uses. Total phosphorus export was greatest for the golf course site followed by the pasture and residential land uses. Sediment export was greatest for the construction site during the rough grading phase, which averaged more than 10 times more sediment export than any of the other sites. To estimate export from a multiuse urban watershed, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment export from the residential, golf course, and construction sites were averaged. The average total nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment export from the three land uses was, respectively, 269, 302, and 256% greater than the corresponding exports from the wooded site, which was considered similar to the predevelopment land use. Additionally, analyses of rainfall samples indicated that a considerable portion of the nitrogen export from these sites likely comes from nitrogen in rainfall. Water Environ. Res., 74, 100 (2002).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollutant Export from Various Land Uses in the Upper Neuse River Basin

Line

White²,

Osmond³

et al. 2002

Water Environment Research

113

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“…The amount of N and P exported from a watershed shows distinct differences as a function of a watershed's dominant land cover (forest, agriculture, urban) (Omernik 1977, Beaulac and Reckhow 1982, Frink 1991. The conceptual basis for using nutrient-export coefficients stratified by land-cover class as a basis for risk was demonstrated by Hartigan et al (1983). The authors compared nutrient-export coefficients from several watersheds that were either 100% forest, agriculture, or urban uses under dry and wet years.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographic Targeting of Increases in Nutrient Export Due to Future Urbanization

Wickham¹,

Oneil²,

Riitters³

et al. 2002

Ecological Applications

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Urbanization replaces the extant natural resource base (e.g., forests, wetlands) with an infrastructure that is capable of supporting humans. One ecological consequence of urbanization is higher concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) in streams, lakes, and estuaries. When received in excess, N and P are considered pollutants. Continuing urbanization will change the relative distribution of extant natural resources. Characteristics of the landscape can shape its response to disturbances such as urbanization. Changes in landscape characteristics across a region create a geographic pattern of vulnerability to increased N and P as a result of urbanization. We linked nutrient-export risk and urbanization models in order to identify areas most vulnerable to increases in nutrientexport risk due to projected urbanization.A risk-based model of N and P export exceeding specified thresholds was developed based on the extant distribution of forest, agriculture, and urban land cover. An empirical model of urbanization was used to increase urban land cover at the expense of forest and agriculture. The modeled (future) land cover was input into the N and P export risk model, and the ''before'' and ''after'' estimates of N and P export were compared to identify the areas most vulnerable to change. Increase in N and P export had to be equal to or greater than the accumulated uncertainties in the nutrient-export risk and urbanization models for an area to be considered vulnerable.The areas most vulnerable to increased N and P export were not spatially coincident with the areas of greatest urbanization. Vulnerability also depended on the geographic distribution of forest and agriculture. In general, the areas most vulnerable to increased N exports were where the modeled urbanization rate was at least 20% and the amount of forest was about 6 times greater than the amount of agriculture. For P, the most vulnerable areas were where the modeled urbanization rate was at least 20% and the amount of forest was about 2 times greater than the amount of agriculture. Vulnerability to increased N and P export was the result of two interacting spatial patterns, urbanization and the extant distribution of land cover. It could not be predicted from either alone.

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“…Export coefficients suggest the proportion of the total nutrient lost to surface water. This literature survey included papers by Armstrong et al (1974), Beaulac and Reckhow (1982), Clesceri et al (1986a, b), Dillon and Kirchner (1975), Donigian et al (1990), Frink (1991, Hartigan et al (1983), Johnes (1990Johnes ( , 1996, Omernik (1976), Prairie and Kalff (1986), Rast and Lee (1983), Reckhow et al (1980), Sonzogni et al (1980), USEPA (1976), Uttormark et al (1974), and Vaithiyanathan and Correll (1992). From these studies, relative TP export potential with respect to each of the given land uses was derived between 0.0 and 1.0.…”

Section: Non-fuzzy Classification Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Water Quality Monitoring Network Design Methodology for the Selection of Critical Sampling Points: Part I

Strobl¹,

Robillard

Shannon

et al. 2006

Environ Monit Assess

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The principal instrument to temporally and spatially manage water resources is a water quality monitoring network. However, to date in most cases, there is a clear absence of a concise strategy or methodology for designing monitoring networks, especially when deciding upon the placement of sampling stations. Since water quality monitoring networks can be quite costly, it is very important to properly design the monitoring network so that maximum information extraction can be accomplished, which in turn is vital when informing decision-makers. This paper presents the development of a methodology for identifying the critical sampling locations within a watershed. Hence, it embodies the spatial component in the design of a water quality monitoring network by designating the critical stream locations that should ideally be sampled. For illustration purposes, the methodology focuses on a single contaminant, namely total phosphorus, and is applicable to small, upland, predominantly agricultural-forested watersheds. It takes a number of hydrologic, topographic, soils, vegetative, and land use factors into account. In addition, it includes an economic as well as logistical component in order to approximate the number of sampling points required for a given budget and to only consider the logistically accessible stream reaches in the analysis, respectively. The methodology utilizes a geographic information system (GIS), hydrologic simulation model, and fuzzy logic.

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Calibration of NPS Model Loading Factors

Cited by 25 publications

References 1 publication

Pollutant Export from Various Land Uses in the Upper Neuse River Basin

Pollutant Export from Various Land Uses in the Upper Neuse River Basin

Geographic Targeting of Increases in Nutrient Export Due to Future Urbanization

A Water Quality Monitoring Network Design Methodology for the Selection of Critical Sampling Points: Part I

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