Calibration of Condensation Particle Counters for Legislated Vehicle Number Emission Measurements

Giechaskiel, Barouch; Wang, Xiaoliang; Horn, Hans‐Georg; Spielvogel, Jürgen; Gerhart, C.; Southgate, J.; Jing, Lianpeng; Kasper, Michael; Drossinos, Yannis; Alois, Krasenbrink

doi:10.1080/02786820903242029

Cited by 86 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The average counting efficiencies at 23 nm were 52% for C14, 49% for C16, and 48% for PAO, with the relative differences lying well within experimental uncertainty (3-5% in terms of standard deviation). This suggests that the elevated PAO efficiencies reported in previous studies (Giechaskiel et al 2009Wang et al 2010) did not originate from physicochemical interactions specific to butanol and PAO (e.g., partial solubility) that could have enhanced its activation in the CPC, since results with the two alkanes (C14 and C16) were found to be similar to PAO data. Particle contamination is also highly unlikely in the evaporation-condensation generator employed in the present study.…”

Section: Experimentally Determined Counting Efficienciessupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Wang et al (2010) also reported reduced counting efficiencies of the same magnitude (reduced by 10-19% at 23 nm and 10-15% at 41 nm) for combustion aerosol standard generator (CAST) (Jing 1999) soot, oxidized silver, and polystyrene particles with respect to PAO. Moreover, Giechaskiel et al (2009) also observed similar differences between PAO and diesel soot (15% at 23 nm) or CAST soot (18% at 23 nm), at slightly elevated temperature differences (30.8…”

Section: Experimentally Determined Counting Efficienciesmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Calibration experiments performed on PMP-compliant CPCs identified a strong dependence of the counting efficiency curves on the calibration aerosol employed for all commercially available instruments (Giechaskiel et al 2009;Wang et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of the Effect of the Calibration Aerosol Material on the Counting Efficiencies of TSI 3790 Condensation Particle Counters

Mamakos

Giechaskiel

Drossinos

2013

Aerosol Science and Technology

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The counting efficiencies of two TSI 3790 Condensation Particle Counters (CPCs) were investigated experimentally for graphite, poly-(alpha)-olefin (PAO), tetradecane (C14), and hexadecane (C16) particles at saturator-to-condenser temperature differences spanning from 5.6• C to 11.3 • C. The efficiencies determined with PAO, C14, and C16 particles were broadly similar, while tests with graphite particles resulted in systematically lower counting efficiencies. The differences between PAO and graphite particles were reduced at elevated temperature differences, i.e., as the saturation ratios inside the condenser increased. The possibility to predict measured counting efficiencies by heterogeneous nucleation theory was also assessed. The results for PAO, C14, and C16 were representative of perfectly wettable particles, while graphite data could only be reproduced with a contact angle of 6-12• , for all temperatures examined. Line tension fits revealed a linear correlation with the graphite mobility diameter for all operating temperatures (5 × 10 −11 N at 15 nm to 4 × 10 −10 N at 70 nm). This could actually indicate that the mobility diameter underestimates the contact line for these complex geometry graphite aggregates. An examination of the calculated activation regions inside the condenser indicated that the upper part of the counting efficiency curve (>50%) is very sensitive to flow and temperature nonidealities. This observation is in quantitative agreement with systematic deviations observed between theoretical predictions and experimental data. Numerical calculations for a range of working fluids suggested that for a given Received 12 April 2012; accepted 10 July 2012. The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge Dominique Lesueur for his valuable contribution to the experimental work and Carsten Gruening and Sebastiao Martin Dos Santos for providing the nebulizer employed in the calibration of the DMAs. A. Mamakos and Y. Drossinos would like to thank Giorgio Martini, Panagiota Dilara, and Alois Krasenbrink for their support. INEOS Oligomers is also acknowledged for supplying the poly-(alpha)-olefin employed in the experiments. The authors would also like to thank TSI for supplying one of the TSI 3790 units employed in the study. The study was partially funded by the EMRP-ENV02 PartEmission project. The EMRP is jointly funded by the EMRP participating countries within EURAMET and the European Commission.Address correspondence to Yannis Drossinos, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, I-21027, Ispra, VA, Italy. E-mail: ioannis. drossinos@jrc.ec.europa.eu affinity of the calibration particle to the examined vapors (i.e., for a finite contact angle), the benefit from shifting to a fluid alternative to butanol is limited. Further investigations on the reduction of the material dependence should focus on the identification of working fluids exhibiting greater affinity for different particle materials (e.g., lower contact angle).

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Section: Experimentally Determined Counting Efficienciessupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Experimentally Determined Counting Efficienciesmentioning

confidence: 65%

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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of the Effect of the Calibration Aerosol Material on the Counting Efficiencies of TSI 3790 Condensation Particle Counters

Mamakos

Giechaskiel

Drossinos

2013

Aerosol Science and Technology

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“…Direct photoionization charging (Jiang et al 2007) was reported to affect the charging probabilities acquired in a recently commercialized soft X-ray neutralizer (3088 model by TSI inc.) owing to the high energies of X-rays employed (Jiang et al, 2014). Furthermore, the importance of particle shape has long been recognized (Laframboise and Chang 1977;Rogak and Flagan 1992), though it is still generally neglected (Giechaskiel et al 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodology to quantify the ratio of multiple-to single-charged fractions acquired in aerosol neutralizers

Mamakos

2016

Aerosol Science and Technology

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A methodology for the quantification of the ratio of multiple-to single-charged fractions acquired in aerosol neutralizers is presented. These quantities are necessary for an accurate monodisperse calibration of aerosol instrumentation. A tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA) setup is required, with the second DMA scanning the electrical mobility spectra classified in the first DMA. In contrast to previous studies on the quantification of bipolar charge distribution utilizing tandem DMA schemes, the methodology targets at the direct determination of the multiple-to singlecharge fractions and does so through the analysis of the raw signal instead of the inverted size distributions, thus circumventing errors associated with the assumptions in the DMA data inversion. The proposed methodology is employed for the characterization of different types of aerosols commonly employed for instrument calibration. Spherical liquid particles (emery oil and dioctyl sebacate) were found to acquire lower multiple charge fractions than those suggested by the commonly employed regression fits of Wiedensohler, which was published in the year 1988 in the Journal of Aerosol Science (vol. 19,, but still within the range of values reported in the literature. Diffusion flame soot and spark generated graphite particles, produced by a miniCAST 6203C burner and a PALAS DNP 3000, respectively, exhibited higher fraction of multiple charges, in good agreement with previous work on agglomerates. The use of a soft X-ray bipolar charger (TSI 3088) yielded systematically higher multiple fractions of positive charges compared to a 85 Kr neutralizer (TSI 3077A), confirming the importance of direct photoionization charging on the former.

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“…To this purpose, air quality experts should be able to characterize people exposure to particles metrological performances such as: linear response to particle concentrations over the full measurement range in single particle count; counting accuracy of ± 10% across the range in single particle count mode; minimum counting efficiencies at particle electrical mobility diameters of 23 ± 1 nm (50% ± 12%) and 41 ± 1 nm (> 90%). To meet these metrological requirements, the CPCs should be calibrated at least annually (Giechaskiel et al, 2009b; Commission for Europe of the United Nations, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafine Particle Generation through Atomization Technique: The Influence of the Solution

Stabile

Trassierra

Dell’Agli

et al. 2013

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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The present work is focused on the characterization of a sub-micrometer aerosol generation system (TSI 3940) in terms of particle number distributions and total concentrations as a function of the solution. Fourteen soluble salts were tested, and different solution molar concentrations were considered.The experimental apparatus was composed of a Submicrometer Aerosol Generator TSI 3940, a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer spectrometer (SMPS 3936, TSI), and a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC TSI 3775).Particle number distributions and total concentrations were found to change as a function of the molar concentration of the solution. In addition, at a fixed molar concentration of the solution, different particle number distributions and total concentrations were measured as a function of the salt used in the solution preparation. The mode and standard deviation of the distribution also varied as the solution changed, and thus salts able to provide number concentrations higher than the NaCl ones at low diameter ranges were obtained. For example, ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl) provided particle number concentrations at 8 nm and 10 nm about 40-fold and twice the NaCl ones, respectively.

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Calibration of Condensation Particle Counters for Legislated Vehicle Number Emission Measurements

Cited by 86 publications

References 24 publications

Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of the Effect of the Calibration Aerosol Material on the Counting Efficiencies of TSI 3790 Condensation Particle Counters

Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of the Effect of the Calibration Aerosol Material on the Counting Efficiencies of TSI 3790 Condensation Particle Counters

Methodology to quantify the ratio of multiple-to single-charged fractions acquired in aerosol neutralizers

Ultrafine Particle Generation through Atomization Technique: The Influence of the Solution

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