Calibration of an InGaAs photodiode at 1300 nm with a cryogenic radiometer and a diode laser

Atkinson, E G; Butler, Doug

doi:10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/4

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Nevertheless, to reduce the number of calibration steps and to achieve an even lower measurement uncertainty, it is convenient to calibrate Ge or InGaAs trap detectors directly against the ECCR in the NIR. Uncertainties as low as 4 ×10 −4 have already been reported by direct comparison of an InGaAs photodiode with an ECCR, but only at the two discrete wavelengths of 1300 nm and 1550 nm [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

High accuracy measurement of the absolute spectral responsivity of Ge and InGaAs trap detectors by direct calibration against an electrically calibrated cryogenic radiometer in the near-infrared

2006

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This paper presents measurements of the absolute spectral responsivity of Ge and InGaAs trap detectors carried out by direct comparison with an electrically calibrated cryogenic radiometer (ECCR) in the near-infrared spectral range. Two tunable laser diodes were used as radiation sources operating between 1260 nm and 1360 nm and between 1460 nm and 1620 nm. The measurements of the cavity absorption and the Brewster-angled window transmission of the ECCR in these wavelength ranges are presented. A detailed analysis of the total measurement uncertainty is performed. The relative standard uncertainty of the responsivity measurement achieved is less than 5 × 10−4 for all wavelengths investigated. The measurements are also discussed in terms of external spectral quantum efficiency, which is up to 90% for the Ge trap and up to 93% for the InGaAs trap. The determined spectral responsivities are compared with the existing scale for spectral responsivity at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (the German National Metrology Institute) based on a thermopile detector. The deviation between the scales is at most ± 0.15% for the InGaAs trap detector and at most ± 0.30% for the Ge trap detector. The agreement is therefore within the combined standard uncertainties.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

High accuracy measurement of the absolute spectral responsivity of Ge and InGaAs trap detectors by direct calibration against an electrically calibrated cryogenic radiometer in the near-infrared

2006

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“…In the last decade, the demand for calibration services in the field of communication using optical fibres has increased substantially; consequently, the need for lower measurement uncertainties has also increased. Therefore, the PTB and other national standard laboratories work on transfer standards (Ge and InGaAs photodiodes) calibrated directly against the CR in the near infrared (NIR) (1300 nm and 1550 nm mainly) [1][2][3][4]. Using these, uncertainties below 4 × 10 −4 have been reached at those wavelength ranges.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the measurement of optical power with the CR, two correction factors contribute to the measurement accuracy: the non-ideal absorption coefficient, α, of the cavity and the non-ideal transmittance, ι, of the Brewster-angle window. Usually, the absorption coefficient of 0.999 879 ± 0.000 010 at 632.8 nm reported by the manufacturer is used in the PTB and other national laboratories and is considered to be constant for other wavelength ranges [1][2][3][4]. However, to achieve lower measurement uncertainties, it is necessary to know the exact spectral response of both coefficients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of the absorptance of a cryogenic radiometer cavity in the visible and near infrared

2005

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We report the results of the measurement of the absorptance of a LaseRad cavity used as an absorber in the cryogenic radiometer in the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt. The measurements were carried out at several laser wavelengths in the visible and near infrared (NIR), with a He-Ne laser operating at 633 nm and with two tunable laser sources operating between 1280 nm and 1360 nm and between 1480 nm and 1620 nm. The absorptance of 0.999 885 ± 3.0 × 10 −6 measured at 633 nm matches very well with the value of 0.999 879 ± 1.0 × 10 −5 reported by the manufacturer (Cambridge Research & Instrumentation, Inc.). In the NIR the absorptance is approximately 1.1 × 10 −4 ± 3 × 10 −6 lower than at 633 nm, which is significant for high accuracy measurements. The absorptance varies 19 × 10 −6 in the wavelength range from 1280 nm to 1620 nm: this is almost negligible for this wavelength range.

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“…The experiment consists of probing our PNR detector with J = 18 different coherent states with |α j | 2 ranging from 0.5 to 46.8 photons per pulse, generated by a pulsed laser with a repetition rate of 90 kHz. After data acquisition, the four SPADs comprising the detector tree have been properly calibrated with a detector substitution technique [47], i.e. by comparing the SPADs response with a calibrated power meter, and using a CW fiber laser at 1550 nm passing through a calibrated attenuator as a source.…”

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confidence: 99%

Positive operator-valued measure reconstruction of a beam-splitter tree-based photon-number-resolving detector

et al. 2015

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Here we present a reconstruction of the Positive Operator-Value Measurement of a photon-number-resolving detector comprised of three 50:50 beamsplitters in a tree configuration, terminated with four single-photon avalanche detectors. The four detectors' outputs are processed by an electronic board that discriminates detected photon number states from 0 to 4 and implements a "smart counting" routine to compensate for dead time issues at high count rates. c 2018 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 270.0270, 270.5570, 270.5585.Photon-number-resolving (PNR) detectors [1, 2], i.e. photodetectors that can resolve the number of photons that are impinging on them, have achieved a critical role in a wide variety of research fields, ranging from quantum mechanics foundations experiments [3] to quantum metrology [4,5], imaging [6,7] and information [8,9]. As a consequence, a precise quantum characterization of these devices has become crucial [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. In a quantum mechanical framework, a full operational description of a PNR device is its positive operator-valued measure (POVM), i.e. the set of operators Ξ n describing a physical process that leads to a particular measurement outcome n. A measurement of the elements of a detector's POVM can be quite non-trivial, because one has to carefully choose the best-suited technique for a tomographic reconstruction of the POVM of the device under test, depending on its particular properties [12][13][14][15][16][17][18].There exist different types of PNR detectors, e.g. photo-multiplier tubes [19,20] [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. Some of those detector families hold a significant promise for future applications, even if their use at present is very difficult because of a large experimental overhead associated with their operation. On the other hand, even though traditional single-photon avalanche detectors (SPADs) are only capable to discriminate between zero and one (or more) detected photons, photon number resolution can be obtained by multiplexing those detectors spatially [39,40] or temporally [41][42][43][44]. At present, this solution is by far the easiest and cheapest way to achieve a photon number resolving capability, even though at a cost of sacrificing linearity due to detector saturation [45]. Here we present the POVM reconstruction of a multiplexed PNR detector (at 1550 nm) composed of four Indium/Gallium arsenide (InGaAs) SPADs connected to a beam-splitter (BS) tree made with three 50:50 fiber BSs. The output of the InGaAs SPADs is processed with a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) board, giving as output the detected photon number (up to 4 detected photons per pulse).Because this detector is not phase-sensitive, its POVM is diagonal in the Fock states basis:where the Ξ nm = m| Ξ n |m elements give the detector tree probability of counting n = 0, ..., 4 photons with m impinging photons per pulse. To reconstruct Ξ nm , we test the response of our device to a set of J coherent states. The response of our PNR detector to the j-th...

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Calibration of an InGaAs photodiode at 1300 nm with a cryogenic radiometer and a diode laser

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

High accuracy measurement of the absolute spectral responsivity of Ge and InGaAs trap detectors by direct calibration against an electrically calibrated cryogenic radiometer in the near-infrared

High accuracy measurement of the absolute spectral responsivity of Ge and InGaAs trap detectors by direct calibration against an electrically calibrated cryogenic radiometer in the near-infrared

Measurement of the absorptance of a cryogenic radiometer cavity in the visible and near infrared

Positive operator-valued measure reconstruction of a beam-splitter tree-based photon-number-resolving detector

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