Calibration and optimization of a metamaterial sensor for hybrid fuel detection

Rawat, Vaishali; Nadkarni, Vihang; Kale, S. N.; Hingane, Sushant; Wani, Suyog; Rajguru, Chaitanya

doi:10.1109/ispts.2015.7220124

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The measurement frequency ranged from 1 to 4 GHz at 25 °C room temperature for the 201 frequency points to meet the sample requirement. The probe was connected to the HP 8720B (VNA) Vector Network Analyzer through a high-precision coaxial test cable (Rawat et al 2015). Figure 3 illustrates the dimensions of the OECP HP85071C that was used in this study.…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the Complex Permittivity of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibre Material by Open-ended Coaxial Probe Technique for Microwave Applications

Abdalhadi¹,

Abbas²,

Ahmad³

et al. 2017

BioResources

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A material description was established for oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibre waste for microwave absorber applications by determining its dielectric properties with respect to fibre size and frequency. The proposed OPEFB material was studied at frequencies from 1 to 4 GHz. The study was conducted using the open-ended coaxial probe (OECP) HP85071C technique. The effect of microwave frequency on complex permittivity properties for powdered OPEFB and compressed OPEFB with different particle sizes (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 μm) were investigated. Results showed that the microwave frequency and particle size significantly influenced the complex permittivity (real and imaginary) properties of the samples. Moreover, the complex permittivity decreased as the powder fibre size increased. The complex permittivity of the smallest and largest powder fibre sizes (100 and 500 μm) were (2.050 − j 0.197) and (1.934 − j 0.137), respectively; and the complex permittivity of the smallest and largest compressed OPEFB fibre sizes (100 and 500 μm) were (3.799 − j0.603) and (3.326 − j0.486), respectively. The compressed OPEFB complex permittivity was higher than that of the OPEFB powder.

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Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the Complex Permittivity of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibre Material by Open-ended Coaxial Probe Technique for Microwave Applications

Abdalhadi¹,

Abbas²,

Ahmad³

et al. 2017

BioResources

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“…the inductance of the SRR model is substituted by the capacitance and viceversa(F. , (Baena et al, 2005). CSRR structures have also been extensively used for sensing applications mostly in the microwave range (Boybay and Ramahi, 2012) , (Ebrahimi et al, 2014) , (Rawat et al, 2015). These electrical metamaterial (double CSRR) structures for hybrid fuel and high energy materials have been explored, due to their ease of sensing mechanism and high sensitivity (Rawat et al, 2014) , (Rawat et al, 2015) , (Rawat et al, 2016).…”

Section: ) Common Metamaterials Configurationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CSRR structures have also been extensively used for sensing applications mostly in the microwave range (Boybay and Ramahi, 2012) , (Ebrahimi et al, 2014) , (Rawat et al, 2015). These electrical metamaterial (double CSRR) structures for hybrid fuel and high energy materials have been explored, due to their ease of sensing mechanism and high sensitivity (Rawat et al, 2014) , (Rawat et al, 2015) , (Rawat et al, 2016). Apart from these, a lot of variants of SRRs have been designed and fabricated such as spiral resonators, broadside coupled split-ring resonator (BC-SRR), two-layer multi spiral resonator (TL-MSR), the broad-side coupled spiral resonator with four turns, the open split-ring resonator (OSRR), and the open complementary split-ring resonator (OCSRR)(Duran-Sindreu et al, 2011).…”

Section: ) Common Metamaterials Configurationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These materials are apt for sensing applications as they offer high miniaturization and large values of Qfactor which makes them highly sensitive to environmental changes. Such properties of metamaterials also suggest their suitability for material sensing which include solid dielectrics (Boybay and Ramahi, 2012), liquids (Ebrahimi et al, 2014), hybrid fuels, hazardous chemicals , (Rawat et al, 2014) , (Rawat et al, 2015) , (Rawat et al, 2016), gas sensing (Zarifi et al, 2016) (Kaushik et al, 2015)and biomolecules (Lee et al, 2012) , (Clark et al, 2009). Metamaterial-based sensors in general have given a new headway towards novel systems for sensing.…”

Section: ) Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent advances in metamaterial split-ring-resonator circuits as biosensors and therapeutic agents

RoyChoudhury

Rawat

Jalal

et al. 2016

Biosensors and Bioelectronics

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109

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Potential applications of thin film metamaterials are diverse and their realization to offer miniaturized waveguides, antennas and shielding patterns are on anvil. These artificially engineered structures can produce astonishing electromagnetic responses because of their constituents being engineered at much smaller dimensions than the wavelength of the incident electromagnetic wave, hence behaving as artificial materials. Such micro-nano dimensions of thin film metamaterial structures can be customized for various applications due to their exclusive responses to not only electromagnetic, but also to acoustic and thermal waves that surpass the natural materials' properties. In this paper, the recent major advancements in the emerging fields of diagnostics (sensors) and therapeutics involving thin film metamaterials have been reviewed and underlined; discussing their edge over conventional counterpart techniques; concentrating on their design considerations and feasible ways of achieving them. Challenges faced in sensitivity, precision, accuracy and factors that interfere with the degree of performance of the sensors are also dealt with, herein.

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“…Sensors are also one domain of the applications, in which significant progress has been done, in recent 5 years or so [6][7][8][9] . Our own efforts have also been documented towards making of such structures, mainly electrical metamaterials for applications in sensing [10][11][12] . Fuel adulteration is a global menace especially in South Asian countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Sensitive Electrical Metamaterial Sensor for Fuel Adulteration Detection

2016

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Life of any automobile engine is largely dependent on the purity as well as the optimum ratios of their fuels, viz. petrol, diesel and ethanol. A device working on the electrical metamaterial concept, namely a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR), operating at 2.47 GHz (ISM band), is proposed to detect kerosene adulteration in petrol. Kerosene was varied upto 30 per cent with minimum detection limit as low as 10 per cent. Systematic shifts in the transmission resonance frequency were observed. The sensing was fast and the recovery was instantaneous. The underlying concept of interference of electromagnetic radiation through the CSRR circuit and its further manipulation with the changes in the dielectric ambience is elaborated.Keywords: Electrical metamaterials, complementary split ring resonator, adulteration, flex fuel sensors Defence Science Journal, Vol. 66, No. 4, July 2016, pp. 421-424, DOI : 10.14429/dsj.66.10217  2016 RESEARCH ARTIClEReceived : 04 May 2016, Revised : 24 May 2016 Accepted : 07 June 2016, Online published : 28 June 2016 DEF. SCI. J., VOL. 66, NO. 4, JULy 2016 422 perpendicular to the CSRR plane. This excitation can be accomplished by using a microstrip transmission line with the CSRR etched on the ground plane. The resonant frequency is given by the following standard expression 19 :ω o is the angular resonant frequency l C and C C are inductance and capacitance of the CSRR. Change in the permittivity of the sample material reflects the change in the capacitance of the CSRR (C C ) of the sensor 20 . The CSRR was designed with specific dimensions to yield the resonant frequency of 2.51 GHz. Figure 1(a) shows the copper structure which was fabricated on a commercially available FR4 epoxy (ε r = 4.4 thickness h = 1.6 mm) substrate. The structure was embedded in the PDMS mould, to make a cavity for liquid confinement which shifted the resonating frequency of the sensor to 2.47 GHz. A micro-pipette was used to drop-cast the liquids in the cavity, completely filling the cavity for pure as well as adulterated fuels. The color difference in the adulterated fuels, when compared to pure petrol, is hardly differentiable as shown in inset of Fig. 1(a). The measurements were carried out for 10 per cent, 20 per cent and 30 per cent adulterated fuels. The PDMS cavity was so designed that the walls of the cavity restricted the liquid sample strictly over the active area of the sensor. The CSRR unit cell structure and experimental set up has been mentioned in detailed by Rawat 10 , et al. The cell dimensions of the CSRR for the desired resonant frequency area = 6.82 mm, c =0.52 mm, d = 0.2 mm and g = 0.32 mm. The shape of the microstrip line was changed from rectangular to plus-sign as to further reduce the size while retaining the Q-factor of the device. Dimensions of the device was 26 mm x 20 mm. results and dIscussIonThe simulation of CSRR design (with and without PDMS cavity) was carried out using CST Microwave Studio which matched well with experimental results (not shown). Fig 1(b) ...

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Calibration and optimization of a metamaterial sensor for hybrid fuel detection

Cited by 8 publications

References 13 publications

Determining the Complex Permittivity of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibre Material by Open-ended Coaxial Probe Technique for Microwave Applications

Determining the Complex Permittivity of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibre Material by Open-ended Coaxial Probe Technique for Microwave Applications

Recent advances in metamaterial split-ring-resonator circuits as biosensors and therapeutic agents

High Sensitive Electrical Metamaterial Sensor for Fuel Adulteration Detection

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