Calibrated NEXAFS spectra of some common polymers

Dhez, Olivier; Ade, Harald; Urquhart, Stephen G.

doi:10.1016/s0368-2048(02)00237-2

Cited by 260 publications

(257 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Comprehensive C-XANES studies of polymers and other well-characterized compounds have permitted robust criteria for peak absorption energy assignments Dhez et al 2003). Peak energy assignments for common carbon functional groups are listed in Table 2.…”

Section: Stxm and C-xanes Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical composition of the graphitic black carbon fraction in riverine and marine sediments at sub-micron scales using carbon X-ray spectromicroscopy

Haberstroh¹,

Brandes

Gélinas

et al. 2006

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

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Abstract. The chemical composition of the graphitic black carbon (GBC) fraction of marine organic matter was explored in several marine and freshwater sedimentary environments along the west coast of North America and the Pacific Ocean. Analysis by carbon x-ray absorption near edge structure (C-XANES) spectroscopy and scanning transmission x-ray microscopy (STXM) show the GBC-fraction of Stillaguamish River surface sediments to be dominated by more highly-ordered and impure forms of graphite, together forming about 80% of the GBC, with a smaller percent of an aliphatic carbon component. Eel River Margin surface sediments had very little highly-ordered graphite, and were instead dominated by amorphous carbon and to a lesser extent, impure graphite.However, the GBC of surface sediments from the Washington State Slope and the Mexico Margin were composed almost solely of amorphous carbon. Pre-anthropogenic, highly-oxidized deep-sea sediments from the open Equatorial Pacific Ocean contained over half their GBC in different forms of graphite as well as highly-aliphatic carbon, low aromatic/highly-acidic aliphatic carbon, low aromatic/highly aliphatic carbon, and amorphous forms of carbon. Our results clearly show the impact of graphite and amorphous C phases in the BC fraction in modern riverine sediments and nearby marine shelf deposits. The pre-anthropogenic Equatorial Pacific GBC fraction is remarkable in the existence of highly-ordered graphite.2

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Section: Stxm and C-xanes Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical composition of the graphitic black carbon fraction in riverine and marine sediments at sub-micron scales using carbon X-ray spectromicroscopy

Haberstroh¹,

Brandes

Gélinas

et al. 2006

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

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“…Radiation damage of polymers induced by X-rays, particularly soft X-rays, is attracting growing attention. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Better understanding of damage mechanisms and more accurate determinations of damage rates for polymers are not only important to the areas mentioned above, but also to the field of soft X-ray spectromicroscopy, which is increasingly being applied to organic materials [12][13][14][15] and biological samples. 14,16,17 A complete bibliography of soft X-ray spectromicroscopy has recently been published in association with a recent review of polymer applications 15 and updates can be obtained from http://unicorn.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Evaluation of Radiation Damage to Polyethylene Terephthalate by Soft X-rays and High-energy Electrons

et al. 2009

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The chemical changes and absolute rates in radiation damage to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) caused by soft X-rays and energetic electrons have been measured using a scanning transmission X-ray microscope (STXM). Electron beam damage at two different dose rates and a range of doses was performed in an 80 keV transmission electron microscope (TEM). The STXM beam was used to create damage patterns with systematically varied doses of monochromatic soft X-rays on an adjacent piece of the same PET sample. NEXAFS spectroscopy at the C 1s and O 1s edges was used to study the chemistry of the radiation damage and to determine quantitative critical doses for PET damage by both types of radiation. The spectral changes were similar for damage by electrons and X-rays, indicating the radiation chemistry is dominated by secondary processes, not the primary event. The critical dose for chemical changes determined from C 1s spectral features is 4.2(6) × 10 8 Gy and was the same for soft X-rays and electrons within measurement uncertainties. The critical dose for specific damage processes (as defined by changes in several different, bond-specific spectral features) was found to be similar in the C 1s region and was comparable between C 1s and O 1s edges for electron beam damage. There were statistically different critical doses for soft X-ray damage as probed by changes in O 1s spectral features related to carbonyl and ester bonds.

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“…However, two main differences become visible. First, the intensity of the sharp peak of the 1s → π * C=O transition at 288.5 eV, which is highest in bulk PMMA, is reduced compared to literature [15,16]. Second, a peak of the 1s → π * C=C transition at 285 eV exists, which does not occur in bulk material.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Hardening of smooth pulsed laser deposited PMMA films by heating

et al. 2009

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Smooth poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films without any droplets were pulsed laser deposited at a wavelength of 248 nm and a laser fluence of 125 mJ/cm 2 . After deposition at room temperature, the films possess low universal hardness of only 3 N/mm 2 . Thermal treatments up to 200°C, either during deposition or afterwards, lead to film hardening up to values of 200 N/mm 2 . Using a combination of complementary methods, two main mechanisms could be made responsible for this temperature induced hardening effect well above the glass transition temperature of 102°C. The first process is induced by the evaporation of chain fragments and low molecular mass material, which are present in the film due to the ablation process, leading to an increase of the average molecular mass and thus to hardening. The second mechanism can be seen in partial cross-linking of the polymer film as soon as chain scission occurs at higher temperatures and the mobility and reactivity of the polymer material is high enough.

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Calibrated NEXAFS spectra of some common polymers

Cited by 260 publications

References 18 publications

Chemical composition of the graphitic black carbon fraction in riverine and marine sediments at sub-micron scales using carbon X-ray spectromicroscopy

Chemical composition of the graphitic black carbon fraction in riverine and marine sediments at sub-micron scales using carbon X-ray spectromicroscopy

Quantitative Evaluation of Radiation Damage to Polyethylene Terephthalate by Soft X-rays and High-energy Electrons

Hardening of smooth pulsed laser deposited PMMA films by heating

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