Calf augmentation using free tram flap

Hui, Kenneth; Zhang, Feng; Greenberg, L.; Lineaweaver, William C.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2752(1999)19:5<227::aid-micr4>3.0.co;2-t

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Body contouring in the calf region can be accomplished by implants [1-6, 8-12, 14-20], autologous tissue injection [7], and even with free flaps [13]. Calf implants must be placed in a safe and reproducible plane of anatomic dissection for a successful long-term outcome.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Calf Implants: A 25-Year Experience and an Anatomical Review

Peña-Salcedo¹,

Soto-Miranda²,

Lopez-Salguero³

2011

Aesth Plast Surg

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Calf Implants: A 25-Year Experience and an Anatomical Review

Peña-Salcedo¹,

Soto-Miranda²,

Lopez-Salguero³

2011

Aesth Plast Surg

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“…When such flaps are used for coverage of soft-tissue defects and correction of contour deformities, atrophy resulting from denervation must be considered. [1][2][3][4] Motor nerve reinnervation to muscle flaps has been shown to play a major role in restoring the transplanted muscle function and retarding flap atrophy. [5][6][7] In the last decade, preservation of denervated muscle by sensory nerve reinnervation has been investigated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle Flap Mass Preservation with End-to-Side Neurorrhaphy: An Experimental Study

Oswald

Zhang

Lei

et al. 2004

J reconstr Microsurg

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The authors examined the preservation of rat gracilis muscle flap mass after motor and sensory end-to-side neurorrhaphy. The rat gracilis muscle flap model was designed based on a previous study. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups. In Group 1 (n = 8), the flap was denervated by transecting the obturator nerve. In Group 2 (n = 8), the flap was reinnervated by coapting the proximal saphenous nerve to the distal obturator nerve. In Group 3 (n = 8), the flap was reinnervated by coapting the motor branch of the femoral nerve to the distal stump of the obturator nerve. At 6 months postoperatively, the gracilis muscle flaps were examined, harvested, and weighed individually. Results showed that the flaps with motor nerve reinnervation retained good bulk, with a weight of 634.0 +/- 65.1 gm, which was statistically significantly higher than the denervated group (457.5 +/- 125.3 gm, p < 0.01). However, muscle mass preservation in the sensory reinnervated group (606.9 +/- 209.1 gm) was not significantly different, compared to the denervated group. Histology revealed atrophic changes in the denervated group, compared to the sensory and motor-reinnervated groups. The authors concluded that muscle mass can be preserved by end-to-side nerve repair. Motor nerve reinnervation is able to better arrest atrophic changes of the muscle flaps.

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“…However, silicone implantation is frequently associated with complications, including hyperpigmentation, seromas, extrusion, infection, capsular contracture, removal for cosmetic dissatisfaction, and compartment syndrome [2]. It is also associated with exposure, necrosis of adjacent tissues, and paresthesia due to the compression of peripheral nerves [4]. Autologous fat grafting faces limitations of the quantity of harvestable fat for relatively large defects and the long-term unpredictability of fat volume maintenance [1].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstruction of an Extensive Atrophic Scar in the Calf Using a Free Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap

Lee

2018

Arch Aesthetic Plast Surg

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Recently, increasing interest has emerged in contouring of the lower leg. Harmonious legs are considered one of the most important elements of women's beauty. Calf augmentation is routinely performed using silicone implants or autologous fat grafting. However, such surgical options may be unsuitable for some patients with specific medical conditions or preferences. Herein, we report a rare case of a 36-year-old woman who selected the use of a free deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap to correct a left calf contour deformity caused by a previous gunshot injury. The free DIEP flap procedure was carried out successfully without any postoperative complications. Moreover, the patient obtained good aesthetic improvements and was satisfied with the outcome. We therefore recommend the free DIEP flap as an option for the correction of large and irregularly shaped atrophic scars in the lower leg, whether caused by injury, illness, or congenital conditions.

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Calf augmentation using free tram flap

Cited by 12 publications

References 18 publications

Calf Implants: A 25-Year Experience and an Anatomical Review

Calf Implants: A 25-Year Experience and an Anatomical Review

Muscle Flap Mass Preservation with End-to-Side Neurorrhaphy: An Experimental Study

Reconstruction of an Extensive Atrophic Scar in the Calf Using a Free Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap

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