Calendar- and cycle-life studies of advanced technology development program generation 1 lithium-ion batteries

Wright, R. B.; Motloch, Chester G.; Belt, Jeffrey R.; Christophersen, Jon P.; Ho, Chinh D.; Richardson, R.; Bloom, Ira; Jones, Shannon; Battaglia, Vincent; Henriksen, G. L.; Unkelhaeuser, Terry M.; Ingersoll, David; Case, Herbert L; Rogers, Sandra; Sutula, Raymond A.

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(02)00210-0

Cited by 167 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Broussely et al [12] reported the loss of cyclable lithium due to side reactions at the graphite negative electrode as the main source of aging during storage at high temperature. Increase of cell impedance with storage time was reported in references [14,16,18]. Zhang et al [22] have performed a calendar life study on Li-ion pouch cells and observed that the capacity fade is linear with time at low temperature and nonlinear at high temperature and that the anode experienced a severe loss of active carbon during storage at high temperature (60% loss at 25°C, and over 80% loss at 35 and 45°C).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…A personal EV spends about 95% of its time in parking mode, hence the relevance of studying calendar aging. Several calendar life performance studies exist in the literature [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Broussely et al [12] reported the loss of cyclable lithium due to side reactions at the graphite negative electrode as the main source of aging during storage at high temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Calendar aging of a graphite/LiFePO4 cell

Kassem

Bernard

Revel

et al. 2012

Journal of Power Sources

267

124

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Graphite/LFP commercial cells are stored under 3 different conditions of temperature (30°C, 45°C, and 60°C) and SOC (30, 65, and 100%) during up to 8 months. Several non-destructive electrochemical tests are performed at different storage times in order to understand calendar aging phenomena. After storage, all the cells except those stored at 30°C exhibited capacity fade. The extent of capacity fade strongly increases with storage temperature and to a lesser extent with the state of charge. From in-depth data analysis, cyclable lithium loss was identified as the main source of capacity fade. This loss arises from side reactions taking place at the anode, e.g. solvent decomposition leading to the growth of the solid electrolyte interphase. However, the existence of reversible capacity loss also suggests the presence of side reactions occurring at the cathode, which are less prominent than those at the anode. The analyses do not show any evidence about active-material loss in the electrodes. The cells do not suffer substantial change in internal resistance. According to EIS analysis, the overall impedance increase is 70% or less.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calendar aging of a graphite/LiFePO4 cell

Kassem

Bernard

Revel

et al. 2012

Journal of Power Sources

267

124

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“…The performance y(t) can be the internal resistance (power fade) [5][6][7][8] or the capacity fade [9][10][11] with T the absolute temperature (in K), A the preexponential factor, E a the activation energy for the reaction (in eV), k the Boltzmann constant and f (t) 75 the time degradation function of y(t) considered.…”

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confidence: 99%

Eyring acceleration model for predicting calendar ageing of lithium-ion batteries

Redondo-Iglesias

Venet

Pélissier

2017

Journal of Energy Storage

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Modelling of lithium-ion batteries calendar ageing is often based on a semi-empirical approach by using, for example the Arrhenius acceleration model. Our approach is based on Eyring acceleration model, which is not widely used for electrochemical energy storage components. Parameter identification is typically performed without taking into account the state-of-charge (SoC) drifting. However, even in rest condition, battery cells' SoC drifts because of capacity losses (self-discharge and capacity fade). In this work we have taken into account the SoC drift during calendar ageing tests. For this, we considered available capacity (Ah) instead of SoC (%) as ageing factor. Then, the analytical solution of the problem leads to the use of the Lambert W function in the model formulation. Simulation results show that Lambert-Eyring model is more accurate and allows a reduction in the number of parameters to be identified.

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“…A typical cathode contains 90% AM, 4% AB, and 6% PVDF. 9 The AB content needs to be as low as the electrode design allows and still fulfill its function of providing electrical connection from the laminate to the current collector and amongst the AM particles throughout the laminate. The polymer content also needs to be as low as possible and still meet its design needs of binding the laminate to the current collector and holding all of particles together, even when the particles are experiencing volume changes during cycling.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Particles and Polymer Binder Interaction: A Controlling Factor in Lithium-Ion Electrode Performance

Liu

Zheng

Song

et al. 2012

J. Electrochem. Soc.

220

201

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This paper investigates lithium-ion electrode laminates as polymer composites to explain their performance variation due to changes in formulation. There are three essential components in a positive electrode laminate: active material (AM) particles, acetylene black (AB) particles, and the polymer binder. The high filler content and discrete particle sizes make the electrode laminate a very unique polymer composite. This work introduces a physical model in which AB and AM particles compete for polymer binder, which forms fixed layers of polymer on their surfaces. This competition leads to the observed variations in electrode morphology and performance for different electrode formulations. The electronic conductivities of the cathode laminates were measured and compared to an effective conductivity calculation based on the physical model to probe the interaction among the three components to reveal the critical factors controlling electrode conductivity and electrochemical performance. The data and effective conductivity calculation results agree very well with each other. This developed physical model provides a theoretical guideline for optimization of electrode composition for most polymer binder-based Li-ion battery electrodes. Proper electrode design is critical to meeting both the energy and power performance requirements for any battery application. [1][2][3][4] Polymer binders and conductive additives used in Li-ion batteries, although not electrochemically active, are essential components in the electrodes, along with the active material (AM) that stores lithium ions. Conductive additives such as acetylene black (AB), are used to provide the electronic conductivity from the current collector to the composite, and to provide surface conductivity to the micronsized spherical AM particles. AB is an essential component for all cathodes due to its low cost and unique morphology. 5,6 Primary AB particles fuse to form a branched structure, which allows for a fully percolated filler structure at much lower AB loading than would occur without the branching. 7,8 This electrically conductive medium is needed to provide both long-range conductivity and short-range electron transport to the AM surface. A polymer binder such as polyvinylidine difluoride (PVDF) adheres the AB and AM particles together to form a continuous and robust electric conduction path to the current collector.In designing an electrode, the AM content is preferentially high to maximize the energy density, but the inactive materials AB and PVDF are critical for electron transport and mechanical integrity, respectively. A typical cathode contains 90% AM, 4% AB, and 6% PVDF. 9 The AB content needs to be as low as the electrode design allows and still fulfill its function of providing electrical connection from the laminate to the current collector and amongst the AM particles throughout the laminate. The polymer content also needs to be as low as possible and still meet its design needs of binding the laminate to the current collector and holding all...

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Calendar- and cycle-life studies of advanced technology development program generation 1 lithium-ion batteries

Cited by 167 publications

References 16 publications

Calendar aging of a graphite/LiFePO4 cell

Calendar aging of a graphite/LiFePO4 cell

Eyring acceleration model for predicting calendar ageing of lithium-ion batteries

Particles and Polymer Binder Interaction: A Controlling Factor in Lithium-Ion Electrode Performance

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