Calderas and magma reservoirs

Cashman, Katharine V.; Giordano, Guido

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.09.007

Cited by 221 publications

(164 citation statements)

References 193 publications

(340 reference statements)

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“…3A) than for stratovolcanoes (a = 2.63; Fig. 3B), which is expected given that calderas are associated with larger volcanic eruptions (Brown et al, 2014;Cashman and Giordano, 2014;Whelley et al, 2015). This gives us confidence that the methodology correctly characterizes the volcanic record, and allows us to investigate different volcanic arcs (Figs.…”

Section: For Explanation Of Observation Window and Parameters) A: Fomentioning

confidence: 55%

Regional variability in the frequency and magnitude of large explosive volcanic eruptions

Sheldrake

Caricchi

2017

Geology

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Quantifying the frequency at which volcanic eruptions of different size occurs is important for hazard assessment. Volcanic records can be used to estimate the recurrence rate of large-magnitude eruptions (magnitude ≥4), but recording biases that impact data completeness complicate analysis. To overcome these biases, we conceptualize the volcanic record as a series of individual and unique time series associated by a common behavior. Thus, we approach issues of completeness on a volcano-by-volcano basis and use a hierarchical Bayesian approach to characterize the common frequency-magnitude (f-M) behavior for different groups of volcanoes. We identify variations in the f-M relationship between different volcano types and between different volcanic arcs. By accounting for systematic under-recording in the volcanic record, we also calculate the global recurrence rates for large-magnitude eruptions during the Holocene, which are similar to previous estimates. However, higher recurrence rates for smaller-magnitude events are observed, which is a result of our adjustments for data completeness. Quantifying how the f-M relationship varies between different groups of volcanoes provides an opportunity to understand how the tectonic setting influences f-M behavior, which is important to quantify long-term regional volcanic hazard.

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Section: For Explanation Of Observation Window and Parameters) A: Fomentioning

confidence: 55%

Regional variability in the frequency and magnitude of large explosive volcanic eruptions

Sheldrake

Caricchi

2017

Geology

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“…Bindeman 2005). Very large ignimbrite eruptions may generate conditions that impose extreme pressure gradients (ΔP) within erupting magma, which may in turn affect fragmentation (e.g., Gottsmann et al 2009;Cashman and Giordano 2014). For insight into the role of ΔP on fragmentation we look to experimental shock tube studies (e.g., Alidibirov and Dingwell 1996;Spieler et al 2004;Mueller et al 2008;Jones et al 2016).…”

Section: Primary Fragmentation Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causes of fragmented crystals in ignimbrites: a case study of the Cardones ignimbrite, Northern Chile

2018

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Broken crystals have been documented in many large-volume caldera-forming ignimbrites and can help to understand the role of crystal fragmentation in both eruption and compaction processes, the latter generally overlooked in the literature. This study investigates the origin of fragmented crystals in the > 1260 km 3 , crystal-rich Cardones ignimbrites located in the Central Andes. Observations of fragmented crystals in non-welded pumice clasts indicate that primary fragmentation includes extensive crystal breakage and an associated ca. 5 vol% expansion of individual crystals while preserving their original shapes. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that crystals fragment in a brittle response to rapid decompression associated with the eruption. Additionally, we observe that the extent of crystal fragmentation increases with increasing stratigraphic depth in the ignimbrite, recording secondary crystal fragmentation during welding and compaction. Secondary crystal fragmentation aids welding and compaction in two ways. First, enhanced crystal fragmentation at crystal-crystal contacts accommodates compaction along the principal axis of stress. Second, rotation and displacement of individual crystal fragments enhances lateral flow in the direction(s) of least principal stress. This process increases crystal aspect ratios and forms textures that resemble mantled porphyroclasts in shear zones, indicating lateral flow adds to processes of compaction and welding alongside bubble collapse. In the Cardones ignimbrite, secondary fragmentation commences at depths of 175-250 m (lithostatic pressures 4-6 MPa), and is modulated by both the overlying crystal load and the time spent above the glass transition temperature. Under these conditions, the existence of force-chains can produce stresses at crystal-crystal contacts of a few times the lithostatic pressure. We suggest that documenting crystal textures, in addition to conventional welding parameters, can provide useful information about welding processes in thick crystal-rich ignimbrites.

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“…Geophysical and geochemical evidence suggests that subvolcanic reservoirs are, in many cases, composed of multiple pockets of eruptible magma that may have been separated for most of their lifetime (Miller & Smith 1999;Bachmann & Bergantz 2008;Cashman & Giordano 2014;Cooper & Kent 2014;Ellis et al 2014;Wotzlaw et al 2014). The accumulation of residual melt in these separate reservoirs has been modelled hitherto solely as a single, large accumulation in the upper portion of a single reservoir.…”

Section: Architecture Of Subvolcanic Reservoirsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even volcanic rocks produced during some of the largest known eruptions (e.g. Taupo, New Zealand or Bishop Tuff, USA) testify to several disparate melt-rich lenses or pockets that only coalesced shortly before or during eruption (Hildreth & Wilson 2007;Cashman & Giordano 2014;Ellis et al 2014;Wotzlaw et al 2014), rather than one giant pre-eruptive magma chamber. Lastly, geophysical techniques, such as seismology, gravity and magnetotellurics, have been signally unsuccessful in identifying large melt-dominated regions in the shallow crust beneath most arc volcanoes (Hill et al 2009;Paulatto et al 2012).…”

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confidence: 99%

The temporal evolution of chemical and physical properties of magmatic systems

Caricchi¹,

Blundy

2015

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Exactly 100 years ago the great Canadian-born petrologist N. L. Bowen published two seminal works on the chemical differentiation of magmas in which he posed the basis for a physicochemical understanding of the fractionation of crystals from melts in molten rock. A subsequent century of research and technological advances has enhanced our understanding of the physics and chemistry of magmatic systems and their temporal evolution. The image of sub-volcanic magmatic systems has evolved greatly in that time, from a simple 'boiling vat' concept of molten rock in which bubbles, crystals and melt separate gravitationally to a recognition that magma vats are relatively rare and that most magmatic systems spend much of their lifetime in a partially molten, or mushy, state. Real magmatic systems appear to be organized into a series of storage regions periodically connected by feeding structures transferring magma (and heat) at different fluxes. Magma fluxes between the different portions of this plumbing system, and the variation of the chemical and physical properties of magma as it rises through the crust, exert essential controls on the eruptive modalities of volcanoes and the geochemistry of their products. This book presents a collection of contributions that use petrology, geochemistry, geochronology and numerical modelling to identify the processes operating at different depths within magmatic systems and to characterize the fluxes of magma between them.

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Calderas and magma reservoirs

Cited by 221 publications

References 193 publications

Regional variability in the frequency and magnitude of large explosive volcanic eruptions

Regional variability in the frequency and magnitude of large explosive volcanic eruptions

Causes of fragmented crystals in ignimbrites: a case study of the Cardones ignimbrite, Northern Chile

The temporal evolution of chemical and physical properties of magmatic systems

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