Calculation of the pure surface composition of the binary alloy according to XPS data obtained after the alloy surface contact with air

Design of a Sample Transfer Holder to Enable Air-Free X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

“…The surface-sensitive nature of the XPS technique means any changes in surface chemistry due to oxidation or hydration upon exposure to ambient air are detrimental to collecting accurate and impactful data. Such changes have been reported when investigating battery materials, 1−3 nanoparticles, 4−6 bare metal surfaces, 7,8 nitrides, 9,10 and more. 11−14 Due to this, researchers employ a variety of techniques in order to maintain air-free environments.…”

“…The surface-sensitive nature of the XPS technique means any changes in surface chemistry due to oxidation or hydration upon exposure to ambient air are detrimental to collecting accurate and impactful data. Such changes have been reported when investigating battery materials, − nanoparticles, − bare metal surfaces, , nitrides, , and more. − Due to this, researchers employ a variety of techniques in order to maintain air-free environments. These include vacuum suitcases, vacuum transfer lines, direct attachment of instrumentation to inert environment chambers, commercial transfer vessels, flowing Ar over the sample during transfer, use of glovebags placed over instrument entrance chambers, or depositing a thin coating such as Al that can be removed via sputtering or measurements can be made through .…”