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Presently, the head at low-and medium-head hydroelectric stations during a 24-h period can vary as much as 25-30%, which leads to a 40-50% change in the relative turbine increment of discharge under the same load [1]. Therefore, a further increase in daily discharge variations, and so, the water level in the lower pool will lead not only to a further decrease in the production of electricity but can also inflict additional damage on fisheries and river transportation, and the increased height of the release wave promotes scouring and reworking of the banks and channel of the river. In the winter this leads also to a marked deterioration of the temperature and ice regimes of the river and reservoir.An increase in the peak capacity of a station is best accomplished without an increase in discharge by converting the hydroelectric station (HES) (Fig. 1) to an energy-storage (without the consumption of electric energy from the power-supply system) operating regime. This is achieved by pumping water round-the-clock or during the period of station operation between peaks from the main reservoir 1 into a specially constructed, higher auxiliary energy-storage reservoir 2 calculated to store 1/8-1/30 of the daily discharge of the station.Hydraulic turbines 4 serve as the drive for pumps 3 pumping water from the main reservoir into the auxiliary one, and additional hydraulic turbines 5, intended to operate at higher heads (H2) than turbines 4 (Hi) , are installed not at the station site but on the penstocks 6 connecting the energy-storage reservoir 2 with the lower pool 7.Unlike pumped-storage stations (PSS) operating on the basis of repeated conversion of energy, in the energystorage hydroelectric station (ESHES) the energy is stored by the direct conversion of the hydraulic energy of the flow passing through the turbines 4 into the hydraulic energy of the flow passing through the pumps 3. The elimination from the ESHES of a turbine wifl~ a generator on an extemai energy source, and also of the step-up transformer, high-voltage power-supply line, step-down transformer, and electric motor, which are necessary at the PSS, provides a 10% increase of the efficiency of the ESHES in comparison with the PSS (Table 1). Therefore, along with the PSS a promising source for covering the peak load is also the ESHES, to which preference should be given over the PSS owing to the storage of energy without its consumption from the power supply and to the improvement of the natural river regimes, if the relief of the territory adjacent to the station perre_its locating the energy-storage reservoir 70 m higher than the water level in the lower pool and the ratio of the heads of the energy-storage reservoir and station H2/H t > 4. With an increase of these indices the relative increase (E2--Et)/E 1 of the annual operating expenses (direct and deductions) of the ESHES (Ez) in comparison with the hydroelectric station (E t) will decrease (Fig. 2) owing to a decrease in the capacity of the energy-storage reservoir, diameter of the conduits co...
Presently, the head at low-and medium-head hydroelectric stations during a 24-h period can vary as much as 25-30%, which leads to a 40-50% change in the relative turbine increment of discharge under the same load [1]. Therefore, a further increase in daily discharge variations, and so, the water level in the lower pool will lead not only to a further decrease in the production of electricity but can also inflict additional damage on fisheries and river transportation, and the increased height of the release wave promotes scouring and reworking of the banks and channel of the river. In the winter this leads also to a marked deterioration of the temperature and ice regimes of the river and reservoir.An increase in the peak capacity of a station is best accomplished without an increase in discharge by converting the hydroelectric station (HES) (Fig. 1) to an energy-storage (without the consumption of electric energy from the power-supply system) operating regime. This is achieved by pumping water round-the-clock or during the period of station operation between peaks from the main reservoir 1 into a specially constructed, higher auxiliary energy-storage reservoir 2 calculated to store 1/8-1/30 of the daily discharge of the station.Hydraulic turbines 4 serve as the drive for pumps 3 pumping water from the main reservoir into the auxiliary one, and additional hydraulic turbines 5, intended to operate at higher heads (H2) than turbines 4 (Hi) , are installed not at the station site but on the penstocks 6 connecting the energy-storage reservoir 2 with the lower pool 7.Unlike pumped-storage stations (PSS) operating on the basis of repeated conversion of energy, in the energystorage hydroelectric station (ESHES) the energy is stored by the direct conversion of the hydraulic energy of the flow passing through the turbines 4 into the hydraulic energy of the flow passing through the pumps 3. The elimination from the ESHES of a turbine wifl~ a generator on an extemai energy source, and also of the step-up transformer, high-voltage power-supply line, step-down transformer, and electric motor, which are necessary at the PSS, provides a 10% increase of the efficiency of the ESHES in comparison with the PSS (Table 1). Therefore, along with the PSS a promising source for covering the peak load is also the ESHES, to which preference should be given over the PSS owing to the storage of energy without its consumption from the power supply and to the improvement of the natural river regimes, if the relief of the territory adjacent to the station perre_its locating the energy-storage reservoir 70 m higher than the water level in the lower pool and the ratio of the heads of the energy-storage reservoir and station H2/H t > 4. With an increase of these indices the relative increase (E2--Et)/E 1 of the annual operating expenses (direct and deductions) of the ESHES (Ez) in comparison with the hydroelectric station (E t) will decrease (Fig. 2) owing to a decrease in the capacity of the energy-storage reservoir, diameter of the conduits co...
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