Calculation of Sulphur and Nitrogen Deposition with the Frame Model and Assessment of the Exceedance of Critical Loads in Poland

Abstract

Sulphur and nitrogen deposition were calculated with the FRAME model and used to assess the exceedances of the critical loads for acidification and eutrophication of natural ecosystems in Poland. For the first time two tools: the FRAME and SONOX models were used jointly to provide information on ecosystems at risk. The FRAME model obtained close agreement with available sulphur and nitrogen wet deposition measurements. The total mass of sulphur deposited in Poland in year 2008 was estimated as 292 Gg S. Total deposition of nitrogen (oxidized + reduced) is 389 Gg N. 11% of the ecosystems in Poland were calculated to be at risk of acidification due to deposition of sulphur and nitrogen. In the case of eutrophication, over 95% of terrestrial ecosystems are at risk due to the large deposition of nitrogen compounds.

Nitrogen and sulfur deposition over a region in SW Europe based on a regional atmospheric chemical transport model

“…Straight-line wind trajectories are advected from the edge of the model domain, in relation to twenty-four wind direction sectors and the results are combined statistically, suitably weighted by the frequency of winds from each direction (Singles et al, 1998;Dore et al, 2009;Kryza et al, 2013). The FRAME model operates on annual average results, providing information on total annual deposition and average concentrations of S and N compounds (Kryza et al, 2013). It includes aqueous phase and gas phase oxidation reactions for sulfur and oxides of nitrogen.…”

“…A large nitrate aerosol is included which represents the process of deposition of nitric acid onto sea salt and dust particles. Dry deposition is based on vegetation dependent velocities for each chemical species derived from the dry deposition model, whereas wet deposition is calculated using scavenging coefficients and a constant drizzle approach, based on precipitation rates (Kryza et al, 2013). The wet deposition flux to the surface is the sum of wet removal of pollutants from the air, assuming the scavenged material comes down as precipitation (Kryza et al, 2013).…”

Building Thermomodernization and Reducing Air Pollution

“…The ranges of spreading (dispersion) for the above pollutants were calculated according to a simplified Pasquill model (the pollution dispersion model is described with a differential equation of diffusion in the form of an analytic function based on the Gaussian distribution model) [7,8,14].…”

“…Because of varied operating times of the emission sources of the boiler houses under research, and because of different conditions under which air pollution can be dispersed, the calculations were carried out in two sub-periods of time: in the heating (winter) period, and in the summer period [14].…”

Understanding emissions of ammonia from buildings and the application of fertilizers: an example from Poland

“…This eutrophication leads to loss of plant diversity in a wide range of habitats (Emmett, 2007;Jones et al, 2011;Stevens et al, 2004). Nitrogen deposition exceeds the critical loads in most European countries, such as France (van Grinsven et al, 2012), the Netherlands (Jones et al, 2011), Belgium (Jones et al, 2011), Germany (Nagel and Gregor, 2001) and Poland (Hettelingh et al, 2009;Kryza et al, 2013a). The regions with the highest nitrogen deposition are the areas with intense agricultural production, high ammonia emission and corresponding high deposition of ammonia containing compounds (Hertel et al, 2012;Wichink Kruit et al, 2012).…”