Calculation of spectral degradation due to contaminant films on infrared and optical sensors

Gamble, Lara J.; Dennison, John; Wood, B. E.; Herrick, James J.; Dyer, James S.

doi:10.1117/12.481667

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In Figure 5, the relative detector responsivity degradation measured after 14 weeks of on-orbit operation shows good agreement with the infrared transmittance spectrum generated for 1 µm ice film using CALCRT. 17 The degradation profiles as a function of time were also qualitatively similar to CALCRT predictions based on a constant deposition rate. (One µm deposition in 14 weeks equates to an average local partial pressure of 6.7 x 10 -10 Torr, assuming water vapor at 200 K).…”

Section: Early On-orbit Resultssupporting

confidence: 62%

Contamination control of the SABER cryogenic infrared telescope

et al. 2002

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The SABER instrument (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Spectroscopy) is a cryogenic infrared sensor on the TIMED spacecraft with stringent molecular and particulate contamination control requirements. The sensor measures infrared emissions from atmospheric constituents in the earth limb at altitudes ranging from 60 to 180 km using radiatively-cooled 240 K optics and a mechanicallyrefrigerated 75 K detector. The stray light performance requirements necessitate nearly pristine foreoptics. The cold detector in a warm sensor presents challenges in controlling the cryodeposition of water and other condensable vapors. Accordingly, SABER incorporates several unique design features and test strategies to control and measure the particulate and molecular contamination environment. These include internal witness mirrors, dedicated purge/depressurization manifolds, labyrinths, cold stops, and validated procedures for bakeout, cooldown, and warmup. The pre-launch and on-orbit contamination control performance for the SABER telescope will be reviewed.

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Section: Early On-orbit Resultssupporting

confidence: 62%

Contamination control of the SABER cryogenic infrared telescope

et al. 2002

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“…The electron emission and transport properties of materials are key parameters in determining the likelihood of deleterious spacecraft charging effects [7,33,36,37] and are essential in modeling these effects with engineering tools such as the NASA NASCAP-2K [38][39][40], SPENVIS, and MUSCAT [41] codes. The SUSpECS studies of electron emission and resistivity will extend more than a decade of research in the field by the USU MPG [3,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]19,40,[42][43]. Recent work [13,44] found that dissipation of charge accumulated on thin film insulating spacecraft surfaces during on-orbit conditions is substantially slower than predicted using resistivity values acquired by standard ASTM methods [45].…”

Section: B Electrical Properties Of Spacecraft Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Synergistic phenomena in the space environment (e.g., charging, contamination, UV exposure, atomic oxygen) can cause dramatic changes in material surface properties and performance [3,47]. Thin contaminant layers readily change the optical [34,42,48] and electronic properties [15,16] of surfaces, and often result in long-term degradation of the optical, thermal control, or electronic performance of spacebased sensors and components.…”

Section: Charge-induced Contamination Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, plasma diagnostic instrumentation (such as Langmuir and plasma impedance probes) requires stable surface conductivity and charging properties, which is altered by contamination [42]. Further, at geosynchronous orbits, high spacecraft charging potentials (typically tens of kilovolts) and long Debye lengths can actually accelerate surface contamination rates by electrostatic re-attraction of ionized outgassed or vented molecules to the negatively charged satellite [49].…”

Section: Charge-induced Contamination Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Charge-Enhanced Contamination and Environmental Degradation of MISSE-6 SUSpECS Materials

Dennison

Evans

Fullmer

et al. 2012

IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.

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The effects of prolonged exposure to the LEO space environment and charge-enhanced contamination on optical, thermal, and electron emission and transport properties of common spacecraft materials have been investigated by comparing pre-and post-flight characterization measurements. The State of Utah Space Environment and Contamination Study (SUSpECS) deployed in March 2008 on board the Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE-6) payload, was exposed for ~18 months on the exterior of the International Space Station (ISS), and was retrieved in September 2009. A total of 165 samples were mounted on three separate SUSpECS panels on the ram and wake sides on the ISS. Some samples, particularly those exposed to atomic oxygen in the ram direction, showed pronounced effects due to exposure. Biased samples for the charge-enhanced contamination study showed subtle variations in visible and infrared reflectivity.

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“…Stringent requirements for uniform work function of the FPMU probes led to coating key elements with Au [20]. Another critical concern is non-uniform modification of the Au work function due to external contamination or to diffusion of alloying materials from underlying layers into the Au, particularly at elevated temperatures [25]. A set of samples [Au, Au(2μm)/Ni(2μm) on 316 SS, Rh(2μm)/Ni(2μm) on 316 SS, Au(2μm)/Rh(2μm) on 316 SS, Au(2μm)/Rh(2μm)/Ni(2μm) on 316 SS] will be included in the unexposed samples on SUSpECS.…”

Section: Table I Suspecs Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flight Experiments on the Effects of Contamination on Electron Emission of Materials

Dennison

Hodges

Duce

et al. 2009

1st AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference

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We report on a study of the effects of prolonged exposure to the space environment and of chargeenhanced contamination on the electron emission and resistivity of spacecraft materials. The State of Utah Space Environment & Contamination Study (SUSpECS) was deployed on the International Space Station (ISS) in March 2008 onboard the MISSE-6 payload during STS-123. The Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE-6) program is designed to characterize the performance of candidate new space materials over the course of its ~17 month exposure to the LEO environment, with a target return date of August 2009 on STS-127. Approximately 165 samples are mounted on three separate SUSpECS panels in the ram and wake sides on the ISS. They have been carefully chosen to provide needed information for different ongoing studies and a broad cross-section of prototypical materials used on the exteriors of spacecrafts. Design of the sample panels are detailed, including a three tiered configuration intended to provide variable atomic oxygen and ultraviolet radiation exposure. The methods used to simulate charge enhanced contamination by actively biasing samples to low positive and negative voltages are also described. A primary emphasis of SUSpECS is the study of modifications to the electron emission resulting from exposure to the space plasma environment and to environmental contamination. There is presently little available data related to the effects of sample deterioration and contamination on emission properties for materials actually flown in space. Electron emission and transport properties of materials are key in determining the amount of charge build-up and the time for the charge to dissipate, as well as the likelihood of deleterious spacecraft charging effects. Such materials properties are essential parameters in modeling spacecraft charging with engineering tools like NASCAP-2K code. SUSpECS studies will test the validity of our predictions from ground-based studies that very thin layers of contamination can lead to severe charging effects under certain circumstance. Electron-, ion-, and photon-induced electron emission yield curves, crossover energies and emission spectra, as well as resistivity and dielectric strength, have been tested for most SUSpECS samples in their pristine conditions before flight. These measurements will be compared with post-flight measurements. Additional pre-and post-flight characterization measurements include optical and electron microscopy, reflection spectroscopy, emissivity and Auger electron spectroscopy.

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Calculation of spectral degradation due to contaminant films on infrared and optical sensors

Cited by 3 publications

References 10 publications

Contamination control of the SABER cryogenic infrared telescope

Contamination control of the SABER cryogenic infrared telescope

Charge-Enhanced Contamination and Environmental Degradation of MISSE-6 SUSpECS Materials

Flight Experiments on the Effects of Contamination on Electron Emission of Materials

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