Calculation of Safety Factors of the Eurocodes

Poutanen, Tuomo; Länsivaara, Tim; Pursiainen, Sampsa; Mäkinen, Jari; Asp, Olli

doi:10.3390/app11010208

Cited by 10 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…The combination rule (8.12) of the Eurocodes is correct, but the safety factors and the failure probably are calculated erroneously. Namely the variable loads are calculated for five-year loads only [16] whereas they should be calculated for 50-year loads. The current Eurocodes in unclear regarding the load combination as both the ILC and the DLC are applied.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Equations are given which can be used to calculate load combinations of single loads and load groups using various assumptions [5,6,16].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dependent load combination is obtained by adding up the distributions by fractiles or more simply the cumulative distribution of the DLC is obtained by using recursive equation [5,6,16]…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combination of Permanent and Variable Load Is Dependent

2021

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This study concerns the combination of the permanent and the variable loads in the structural design. The Eurocodes are used as a reference. Three new findings are presented: (1) In each physical structure, and in every load pair of the permanent load and the variable load, the maximum variable load is the service time load, the 50-year load, i.e., the high value of the variable load. Therefore, no load reduction should be applied in the combination. (2) The governing hypothesis is the independent load combination (ILC) with random load pairs and random single loads. However, the load pairs are not independent as normally one variable load occurs simultaneously in multiple structures and in multiple load pairs inducing correlation between the loads, ultimately full correlation, and the dependent load combination (DLC). (3) In the current Eurocodes, the design load combination applies to one load pair only. However, one design load combination virtually always applies to multiple load pairs which demands using the DLC. The authors have explained earlier that the permanent and variable loads should be combined dependently as the ILC contradicts the physics. The new findings support this conclusion. Changing the current codes towards the DLC approach would simplify them and eases their use in the structural design work.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Equations are given which can be used to calculate load combinations of single loads and load groups using various assumptions [5,6,16].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combination of Permanent and Variable Load Is Dependent

2021

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“…There is roughly an equal number of unsafe and safe design cases, and the codes may include substantial safe and unsafe design cases. Further, Equation (1) is biased as explained in [18]. This article proposes a code calibration process without using the reliability index, and the proposed codes have high accuracy in terms of the target reliability.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current safety factors are calculated indirectly using the reliability index as a reference, which induces extra error [18].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Code Calibration of the Eurocodes

Poutanen

2021

Applied Sciences

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This article addresses the process to optimally select safety factors and characteristic values for the Eurocodes. Five amendments to the present codes are proposed: (1) The load factors are fixed, γG = γQ, by making the characteristic load of the variable load changeable, it simplifies the codes and lessens the calculation work. (2) Currently, the characteristic load of the variable load is the same for all variable loads. It creates excess safety and material waste for the variable loads with low variation. This deficiency can be avoided by applying the same amendment as above. (3) Various materials fit with different accuracy in the reliability model. This article explains two options to reduce this difficulty. (4) A method to avoid rounding errors in the safety factors is explained. (5) The current safety factors are usually set by minimizing the reliability indexes regarding the target when the obtained codes include considerable safe and unsafe design cases with the variability ratio (high reliability/low) of about 1.4. The proposed three code models match the target β50 = 3.2 with high accuracy, no unsafe design cases and insignificant safe design cases with the variability ratio 1.07, 1.03 and 1.04.

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Calculation Concept for Wood‐Based Components in Mechanical Engineering

Kluge

Eichhorn

2023

Adv Eng Mater

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Herein, an approach is described for a calculation concept to close the gap between lightweight construction and necessary safety for structural components made of wood materials with use in mechanical engineering. The calculation of wood‐based materials represents a challenge due to the orthotropic material behavior and the many influencing parameters on the mechanical properties. The main objective of the considerations is to predict the mechanical component behavior as precisely as possible. In the next step, the designer can use the results of the calculations to make statements about the component safety. The analyses of this article are part of the joint project “Wood‐based materials in mechanical engineering (HoMaba)”.

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Calculation of Safety Factors of the Eurocodes

Cited by 10 publications

References 3 publications

Combination of Permanent and Variable Load Is Dependent

Combination of Permanent and Variable Load Is Dependent

Code Calibration of the Eurocodes

Calculation Concept for Wood‐Based Components in Mechanical Engineering

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