Calculation of monthly average insolation on tilted surfaces

Klein, S.A.

doi:10.1016/0038-092x(77)90001-9

Cited by 662 publications

(218 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…Insolation is measure of solar radiation energy received on a given surface area at a given time. Figure 2 shows annual distribution of the mean daily insolation on the inclined plane for the different slopes for the island of Brač calculated by Liu, Jordan and Klein formula [14,15]:…”

Section: Solar Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-economic analysis of PEM fuel cells role in photovoltaic-based systems for the remote base stations

Bezmalinović

Barbir

Tolj

2013

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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Expansion of telecommunication networks even to the most remote areas where connection to the utility grid could never be justified, especially in touristic regions, has led to the increasing need for stand-alone power systems. In Adriatic coastal area employment of hybrid photovoltaic-based systems is straightforward due to high sun potential. Inherent intermittent nature of renewable sources is especially not compatible with telecommunication system who require uninterrupted power supply. This leads to the need of not only energy storage, but also a "back up" solution in the case of primary system failure. Emphasis is put on the system reliability and simplicity while system price is not necessarily top priority. Usual approach of using diesel generators as a "back up" has been challenged by the introduction of PEM fuel cells. Even with hydrogen technologies market development still lagging behind some comparable advantages such as high energy conversion efficiency, silent operation and no emissions make PEM fuel cells a legitimate candidate for replacing traditional oil burning generators. Technoeconomic analysis of various stand-alone power systems for the remote base station on an Adriatic island is made. At the moment, levelized cost of electricity point of view still gives slight advantage to the diesel generators. Long term reliability of PEM fuel cells system still needs to be examined in practice, as this combined with pro-environmental characteristics of fuel cells can make the difference especially in pristine and protected areas. Furthermore, uncertain petroleum market and fast developing hydrogen technology market could reverse this trend in the near future.

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Section: Solar Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-economic analysis of PEM fuel cells role in photovoltaic-based systems for the remote base stations

Bezmalinović

Barbir

Tolj

2013

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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“…The chosen day corresponds to the average day of that month according to [Klein, 1977]. For each hour the average solar position is used.…”

Section: Sun Vector For Beam Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The values calculated for that day are used throughout the month. The chosen day corresponds to the average day of that month according to [Klein, 1977]. A more accurate way is to perform the shading calculations for each day of a month because the declination which represents the angular position of the sun at solar noon varies throughout the month.…”

Section: Frequency Of Beam Radiation Shading Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For March the solar gains would be always under predicted, if the first day would be used. The chosen average day corresponds to the conditions of average solar radiation according to Klein [Klein, 1977]. Because only one day is used in a month, a difference can occur between the sunlit fractions of the average day and the true average of the hourly sunlit fractions of each day of a month.…”

Section: Frequency Of Beam Radiation Shading Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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TRNSHD — a program for shading and insolation calculations

Hiller

Beckman

Mitchell

2000

Building and Environment

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For analyzing systems with high solar gains it is important that design tools have a reliable and accurate means of predicting the solar radiation on surfaces. Since solar radiation on a surface is often greatly influenced by self-associated facade obstructions, neighbor buildings and the surrounding landscape, a prerequisite of solar modeling is the ability to predict shaded and unshaded parts as a function of solar position and geometry. The objective of this thesis is to improve the shading and insolation calculations for simulating buildings simulations with TRNSYS.In order to select the appropriate shading and insolation algorithms for TRNSYS, a literature search was carried out on calculation techniques and their implementation in software applications for thermal building simulation. Based on the results of the literature search a computer program called TRNSHD was developed. In this program, surfaces are projected onto a plane and appear as a series of polygons. The heart of the program is a "polygon clipper" that determines the boundary of subpolygons when two or more polygons overlap one another. For a given geometric configuration, TRNSHD performs shading calculations of external surfaces. In addition, TRNSHD can determine the distribution of beam radiation that passes through a window and onto inside surfaces of a room. The results of an analysis with TRNSHD are sunlit fractions which are defined as the ratio of the radiation on a surface including shading effects to the radiation on the surface without shading. The radiation source can either be beam radiation or diffuse sky radiation. Although TRNSHD was developed for building simulations with TRNSYS, it is a stand-alone tool that is not restricted to either buildings or TRNSYS and thus can be used to solve other shading problems.For validation, the results of TRNSHD were compared with other algorithms. The major assumptions of TRNSHD and their effect on the results are discussed. The major assumptions concern the number of "patches" for diffuse sky radiation calculations and the frequency at which the beam radiation shading calculations are performed. The conclusion is that a total number of 72 sky patches are needed and a frequency of 24 hours (one average day) of each month is sufficient for an annual simulation. The comparative validation process showed that TRNSHD functions correctly and the results of TRNSHD are in good agreement with expected values. The external shading procedure for beam radiation has been validated against an ASHRAE algorithm for overhang and wingwall shading and against a proposed European standard. In addition, comparative calculations with another software application developed by the Danish Building Research Institute were performed. For validating the external shading procedure for diffuse radiation, results of TRNSHD have been compared to those of TRNSYS's TYPE 34 (overhang and wingwall shading) for different shading configurations. A comparison of TRNSHD with experimental measurements and computer simulatio...

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“…That is why we are interested in consolidating and reviewing the calculating formulas and equations of solar water heaters and other relative components. [9][10][11][12][13] Various Solar Water Heating Systems Efficiency Equations 1. Solar thermal collector (Flat type sun power water heater) The solar thermal collector is generally made up of the rectangular aluminum pipe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Efficiency Factors and Equations of Various Solar Water Heaters and Their Relative Field Components

2017

RJC

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Solar water heater (SWH) is a cheap and eco-friendly human development system in the modern era. SWH is used in both homes and industries. This review paper is an overview of different types of SWH efficiency calculations, determination of thermal values like enthalpy, entropy, heat loss coefficient etc. It is a comprehensive and consolidated review of the solar energy equations needed for researchers in various nations. This paper provides the development of SWH's efficiency equations and also covers SWH's various components efficiency and the technology to understand the values of SWH equations and its various construction schemes.

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Calculation of monthly average insolation on tilted surfaces

Cited by 662 publications

References 6 publications

Techno-economic analysis of PEM fuel cells role in photovoltaic-based systems for the remote base stations

Techno-economic analysis of PEM fuel cells role in photovoltaic-based systems for the remote base stations

TRNSHD — a program for shading and insolation calculations

A Review on Efficiency Factors and Equations of Various Solar Water Heaters and Their Relative Field Components

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