Calculation of Clothing Insulation by Serial and Parallel Methods: Effects on Clothing Choice by IREQ and Thermal Responses in the Cold

Kuklane, Kalev; Gao, Chuansi; Holmér, Ingvar; Giedraityte, Lina; Bröde, Peter; Candas, Victor; Hartog, E.A. den; Meinander, Harriet; Richards, Maryse H.; Havenith, George

doi:10.1080/10803548.2007.11076714

Cited by 24 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Thus, as a next step in this analysis we eliminated the human conditions with excess sweating. Those were the conditions where work against the wind, clothing weight, and high sweating rate led to much higher metabolic heat production than expected [15,36]. We also eliminated uneven insulation and medium sweating.…”

Section: Parallel Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…For a 2-h exposure to -25 °C, they recommended using similar insulation as calculated with the parallel method for ensemble C of the SUBZERO project [1,15,22,24,29,30]. The same recommendation can result from the calculation of required insulation [7].…”

Section: Additional Support For Parallel Methods From Other Studies Ormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Afanasieva, Bessonova, Burmistrova, et al tested four ensembles with insulation similar and slightly higher than ensemble C of the SUBZERO project [1,15,22,24,29,30] on human subjects and compared their results to manikin results [37]. In that comparison the parallel method gave results more similar to human testing than the serial one.…”

Section: Additional Support For Parallel Methods From Other Studies Ormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EN 342:2004 [4] (at that time prENV 342). Later, the calculation methods were compared within various projects [1,12,15], and evaluated experimentally [12,15,16,17,18,19,20] and mathematically [13,16,20] [8] are identical, most studies favour the parallel method except for a few special cases [13,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parallel and Serial Methods of Calculating Thermal Insulation in European Manikin Standards

Kuklane

Gao²,

Wang³

et al. 2012

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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Section: Parallel Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Additional Support For Parallel Methods From Other Studies Ormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Additional Support For Parallel Methods From Other Studies Ormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Parallel and Serial Methods of Calculating Thermal Insulation in European Manikin Standards

Kuklane

Gao²,

Wang³

et al. 2012

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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“…[20][21][22][23] Results from such manikin measurements have shown good reproducibility and agreement with human wear trials, and the values obtained can be used in physiological models for prediction of required insulation in different ambient conditions. [24][25][26][27] If the patient is wet, most prehospital guidelines on protection against cold recommend the removal of wet clothing prior to insulation, and some also recommend the use of a waterproof vapor barrier between the patient and the insulation in order to reduce evaporative heat loss. 2,[28][29][30][31] In the field, however, the ability to remove wet clothing might be impeded due to harsh environmental conditions or the patient's condition and injuries.…”

Section: Protocol and Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection against Cold in Prehospital Care: Evaporative Heat Loss Reduction by Wet Clothing Removal or the Addition of a Vapor Barrier—A Thermal Manikin Study

Henriksson

Lundgren

Kuklane

et al. 2012

Prehosp. Disaster med.

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This is a published version of a paper published in Prehospital and disaster medicine.Citation for the published paper: Henriksson, O., Lundgren, P., Kuklane, K., Holmér, I., Naredi, P. et al. (2012) "Protection against cold in prehospital care: evaporative heat loss reduction by wet clothing removal or the addition of a vapour barrier -a thermal manikin study" Prehospital and disaster medicine, 26(6): 1-6 URL: http://dx.doi.org/S1049023X12000210Access to the published version may require subscription. Abstract Introduction: In the prehospital care of a cold and wet person, early application of adequate insulation is of utmost importance to reduce cold stress, limit body core cooling, and prevent deterioration of the patient's condition. Most prehospital guidelines on protection against cold recommend the removal of wet clothing prior to insulation, and some also recommend the use of a waterproof vapor barrier to reduce evaporative heat loss. However, there is little scientific evidence of the effectiveness of these measures. Objective: Using a thermal manikin with wet clothing, this study was conducted to determine the effect of wet clothing removal or the addition of a vapor barrier on thermal insulation and evaporative heat loss using different amounts of insulation in both warm and cold ambient conditions. Methods: A thermal manikin dressed in wet clothing was set up in accordance with the European Standard for assessing requirements of sleeping bags, modified for wet heat loss determination, and the climatic chamber was set to -15 degrees Celsius (°C) for cold conditions and +10°C for warm conditions. Three different insulation ensembles, one, two or seven woollen blankets, were chosen to provide different levels of insulation. Five different test conditions were evaluated for all three levels of insulation ensembles: (1) dry underwear; (2) dry underwear with a vapor barrier; (3) wet underwear; (4) wet underwear with a vapor barrier; and (5) no underwear. Dry and wet heat loss and thermal resistance were determined from continuous monitoring of ambient air temperature, manikin surface temperature, heat flux and evaporative mass loss rate. Results: Independent of insulation thickness or ambient temperature, the removal of wet clothing or the addition of a vapor barrier resulted in a reduction in total heat loss of 19-42%. The absolute heat loss reduction was greater, however, and thus clinically more important in cold environments when little insulation is available. A similar reduction in total heat loss was also achieved by increasing the insulation from one to two blankets or from two to seven blankets. Conclusion: Wet clothing removal or the addition of a vapor barrier effectively reduced evaporative heat loss and might thus be of great importance in prehospital rescue scenarios in cold environments with limited insulation available, such as in mass-casualty situations or during protracted evacuations in harsh conditions.Henriksson O, Lundgren P, Kuklane K, Holmér I, Naredi P, Bjornstig U: Protection a...

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Cold Stress

Ikäheimo¹,

Kuklane²,

Jaakkola³

et al. 2021

Patty's Industrial Hygiene

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Owing to the steep temperature gradient between the warm human body and a cold environment, a potential for high heat losses prevails that may endanger heat balance and represent a threat to human health, function, and performance. Our physiological adaptive power is relatively is relatively low in the cold. Instead, humans rely on technique, organization, and protection to mitigate the effects of cold and create conditions for work that can be coped with, at least for some time. This chapter describes the physics of heat exchange between man and the cold environment. In particular, clothing is dealt with in more detail, as it is one of the most powerful and simple means of controlling body heat exchange and to preserve an optimal heat balance. When heat cannot be preserved, the body cools, starting with fingers, hands, toes, and feet. Whole‐body or local cooling, and the related physiological responses, leads to decreased work performance and adverse health effects. International standards intended for ergonomics of thermal environments are available for the assessment and management of cold‐related occupational effects. The chapter ends with a suggestion for a simplified risk‐assessment procedure and tables with numerous examples of preventive measures for alleviation cold stress.

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Calculation of Clothing Insulation by Serial and Parallel Methods: Effects on Clothing Choice by IREQ and Thermal Responses in the Cold

Abstract: Thermprotect study groupCold protective clothing was studied in 2 European Union projects. The objectives were (a) Correspondence and requests for offprints should be sent to Kalev Kuklane,

Cited by 24 publications

References 10 publications

Parallel and Serial Methods of Calculating Thermal Insulation in European Manikin Standards

Parallel and Serial Methods of Calculating Thermal Insulation in European Manikin Standards

Protection against Cold in Prehospital Care: Evaporative Heat Loss Reduction by Wet Clothing Removal or the Addition of a Vapor Barrier—A Thermal Manikin Study

Cold Stress

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