Calculation of Carbon Footprints for Water Diversion and Desalination Projects

Liu, Jiahong; Chen, Silan; Wang, Hao; Chen, Xiangdong

doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.239

Cited by 82 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This value did not consider EFW at household level. The external energy consumption of the South to North Water Diversion is estimated as 0.06 million TCE based on Liu et al (2015a, 2015b).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, the interdependence of water and energy, captured through the concept of “water–energy nexus” (WEN), is being recognized as worthy of examination to seek simultaneous improvement in efficiency in managing both resources (USDOE, 2006, 2007; Marsh, 2008; Retamal et al ., 2008; Cammerman, 2009; Bartos and Chester, 2014; Hamiche et al , 2016; Liu et al , 2017). In addition to formulating the general concept and framework of WEN (Bazilian et al , 2011; Hoff, 2011; Kenway et al , 2011a, 2011b), researchers have explored how specific production processes or technology of one sector affect the other (Lofman et al , 2002; Gao, 2012; Cai et al , 2014; Liu et al , 2015a, 2015b). Given that cities are foci of energy consumption, it is surprising that very few WEN studies have examined urban areas (Fang and Chen, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Water–Energy Nexus of Megacities Extends Beyond Geographic Boundaries: A Case of Beijing

Liu

Yang

et al. 2019

Environmental Engineering Science

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The water–energy nexus (WEN) is dynamic and complicated in megacities, most of which are challenged by water scarcity and the mandate to reduce energy consumption. A salient feature of water and energy services in megacities is that they are supported by a web of regional infrastructure, extending far beyond the geographic boundaries of the cities, resulting in a strong dependence on resources imported from outside. Understanding the WEN of megacities has implications not only for more efficient resource utilization but also for synergistic regional development and corporation. This study provides a quantitative assessment of the WEN of Beijing within and beyond its geographic boundaries. Results show that water for local internal energy production and transformation accounts for 220 million m 3 /year, or 5.6% of its total freshwater use in 2016, and the energy for local water abstraction, supply, and treatment is 3.06 billion kWh, accounting for 1.1% of its total energy consumption for the same year. The external water for “imported” energy is 290 million m 3 /year, 1.3 times of Beijing's freshwater use for internal energy. This means that more water for energy is consumed outside Beijing than that within Beijing. The energy for external water is negligible because the bulk of the water transfer into Beijing relies on gravity and because the energy for construction of the transfer infrastructure is not included. Analysis of the WEN revealed the contradiction between the two independently conceived policies of Beijing: to meet the “three-red-line” target in the water sector, recycled water and transferred water use will rise, making it more difficult to meet the carbon emission control targets. Therefore, adopting low energy intensity, nature-based water recycling is a wise policy choice.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Water–Energy Nexus of Megacities Extends Beyond Geographic Boundaries: A Case of Beijing

Liu

Yang

et al. 2019

Environmental Engineering Science

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“…Food, energy, water, and CO 2 emissions are highly interconnected, which is called a nexus relationship 7 – 13 . For example, water is used to produce food and energy (e.g., irrigation, hydropower, and bioenergy crop) 14 , and in turn, energy is required to pump and distribute water and produce food (e.g., water diversion projects, desalination, and irrigating) 15 , 16 . All of these processes generate CO 2 emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of irrigated agriculture on food–energy–water–CO2 nexus across metacoupled systems

et al. 2020

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Irrigated agriculture has important implications for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. However, there is a lack of systematic and quantitative analyses of its impacts on food–energy–water–CO2 nexus. Here we studied impacts of irrigated agriculture on food–energy–water–CO2 nexus across food sending systems (the North China Plain (NCP)), food receiving systems (the rest of China) and spillover systems (Hubei Province, affected by interactions between sending and receiving systems), using life cycle assessment, model scenarios, and the framework of metacoupling (socioeconomic-environmental interactions within and across borders). Results indicated that food supply from the NCP promoted food sustainability in the rest of China, but the NCP consumed over four times more water than its total annual renewable water, with large variations in food–energy–water–CO2 nexus across counties. Although Hubei Province was seldom directly involved in the food trade, it experienced substantial losses in water and land due to the construction of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project which aims to alleviate water shortages in the NCP. This study suggests the need to understand impacts of agriculture on food–energy–water–CO2 nexus in other parts of the world to achieve global sustainability.

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“…The availability of solar energy enables countries to utilise solar thermal technologies to acquire freshwater with minimal operational costs in comparison to conventional processes, and with less carbon footprint and a cleaner technology [16,17]. The conventional desalination methods such as Multi-stage Flash Distillation, Multiple Effect Distillation (MED) and Reverse Osmosis (RO) need 15.5 kWh (thermal energy and electricity), 7.5 kWh (thermal energy and electricity) and 3 kWh (electricity), respectively, to produce 1 m 3 of potable water which corresponds to carbon footprints of 2.716, 1.164, 2.238 kg CO 2 [18]. Therefore, cleaner solutions with reduced carbon footprints are required for desalination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysing the Material Suitability and Concentration Ratio of a Solar-Powered Parabolic trough Collector (PTC) Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

et al. 2020

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Solar-powered desalination is a sustainable solution for countries experiencing water scarcity. Several studies have presented different solutions to provide cleaner production in desalination systems. Parabolic trough collector (PTC) is one of these solutions that has proven to be superior among solar concentrators. Furthermore, a number of studies have investigated the use of PTC for distillation of saline water in response to water scarcity. In this study, a modified PTC model was developed, in which the heat exchanger was replaced by a condensation tube to reduce the energy consumption, and a black layer was introduced to the surface of the receiver to enhance its absorptance. As a reference case, the system productivity according to average solar intensities in Zagazig, located at 30°34′N 31°30′E in the North East of Egypt, is estimated. The results indicated that the maximum production rate that can be attained is 1.72 kg/hr. Then, the structure of the system is evaluated with the aid of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling, in order to enhance its productivity. Many materials are examined and the results recognised copper as the most suitable material amongst marine grade metals (i.e., aluminium, galvanised steel and stainless steel) to construct the receiver tube. This is due to its superior thermal performance, satisfactory corrosion resistance, and acceptable cost. Afterwards, the selected receiver tube was employed to identify the optimal Concentration Ratio (CR). Consequently, a CR of 90.56 was determined to be the optimum value for Zagazig and regions with similar solar radiation. As a result, the system’s productivity was enhanced drastically, as it was estimated that a maximum production rate of 6.93 kg/hr can be achieved.

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Calculation of Carbon Footprints for Water Diversion and Desalination Projects

Cited by 82 publications

References 35 publications

The Water–Energy Nexus of Megacities Extends Beyond Geographic Boundaries: A Case of Beijing

The Water–Energy Nexus of Megacities Extends Beyond Geographic Boundaries: A Case of Beijing

Impacts of irrigated agriculture on food–energy–water–CO2 nexus across metacoupled systems

Analysing the Material Suitability and Concentration Ratio of a Solar-Powered Parabolic trough Collector (PTC) Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

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