Calculating the Thickness of the Superficial Fatty Layer of the Body Using Age, Gender, and Body Mass Index

Cotofana, Sebastian; Hexsel, Dóris; Avelar, Luiz Eduardo Toledo; Munia, Christine G.; Muniz, Mariana Lima; Casabona, Gabriela; Schenck, Thilo L.; Green, Jeremy B.; Lachman, Nirusha; Frank, Konstantin

doi:10.36849/jdd.2020.4619

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Ultrasound imaging could allow for such verification; this imaging modality is non-invasive, can capture real-time movements, and allow for accurate measurement. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Accordingly, it is the objective of this study to investigate the mobility of the superficial and deep midfacial fat compartments by ultrasound imaging and to compare the magnitude of movement between resting and smiling facial expressions. These clinical results may enable the verification of the results obtained from the cadaveric model and guide future clinical procedures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mobility of the superficial and deep midfacial fat compartments: An ultrasound‐based investigation

Schelke

Velthuis

Lowry

et al. 2021

J of Cosmetic Dermatology

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Background: Understanding the mobility of the midface and the separate contributions of the superficial and deep fat compartments is essential for natural esthetic outcomes following soft tissue filler or fat grafting procedures. A study was designed that used ultrasound imaging to demonstrate in vivo visualization and quantification of distances and movements in the midface. Methods: A total of 48 midfaces of 24 healthy Caucasian volunteers, all naïve of esthetic procedures, (22 females; 46.85 (9.8) years; 22.83 (3.1) kg/m 2 ) were scanned using 18 MHz ultrasound imaging. Distances between bony landmarks (inferior orbital rim, infraorbital foramen) were used as markers to measure the cranial movement of the superficial (superficial nasolabial and superficial medial cheek fat compartment) and the deep (deep pyriform space, deep medial check fat compartment, deep lateral cheek fat compartment) midfacial fat compartments between resting and smiling facial position. Results:The superficial midfacial fat compartment moved, on average, 3.7 mm (p < 0.001) cranially, whereas the deep midfacial fat compartments moved, on average, 0.1 mm (p > 0.05) during smiling. No gender differences in mobility were identified (p > 0.05). Conclusion:The results obtained are in line with previous cadaveric investigations and revealed, in a highly statistically significant fashion, that the superficial midfacial fat compartments move in cranial direction whereas the deep fat compartment did not display similar positional changes. These results help to guide facial injectable treatments and to understand why, in the midface, a deep supraperiosteal approach should be favored when augmenting the deep midfacial fat compartments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mobility of the superficial and deep midfacial fat compartments: An ultrasound‐based investigation

Schelke

Velthuis

Lowry

et al. 2021

J of Cosmetic Dermatology

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“…Limiting skin contact minimizes the possibility of surface compression by the transducer and allows more accurate surface length measurements. Additionally, as described in previous studies, [16][17][18][19][20] having no contact between the skin surface and the transducer is of crucial importance when measuring soft tissue thickness or the depth of neurovascular structures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Performing Distance Measurements in Curved Facial Regions: A Comparison between Three-Dimensional Surface Scanning and Ultrasound Imaging

et al. 2021

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Facial flap surgery depends strongly on thorough preoperative planning and precise surgical performance. To increase the dimensional accuracy of transferred facial flaps, the methods of ultrasound and three-dimensional (3D) surface scanning offer great possibilities. This study aimed to compare different methods of measuring distances in the facial region and where they can be used reliably. The study population consisted of 20 volunteers (10 males and 10 females) with a mean age of 26.7 ± 7.2 years and a mean body mass index of 22.6 ± 2.2 kg/m2. Adhesives with a standardized length of 20 mm were measured in various facial regions through ultrasound and 3D surface scans, and the results were compared. Regardless of the facial region, the mean length measured through ultrasound was 18.83 mm, whereas it was 19.89 mm for 3D surface scans, with both p < 0.0001. Thus, the mean difference was 1.17 mm for ultrasound measurements and 0.11 mm for 3D surface scans. Curved facial regions show a great complexity when it comes to measuring distances due to the concavity and convexity of the face. Distance measurements through 3D surface scanning showed more accurate distances than the ultrasound measurement. Especially in “complex” facial regions (e.g., glabella region and labiomental sulcus), the 3D surface scanning showed clear advantages.

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“…The arrangement and thickness of subcutaneous fascia also vary with age and gender. The subcutaneous fascia becomes thinner during aging [65], consistent with aged populations being at higher risk of developing non-healing wounds and having lower risk of extreme scarring [66,78]. Superficial fascia is constantly thicker in women compared to men at various anatomical sites.…”

Section: Fibrotic Outcomes Of Fascia Repairmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Based on the observations that (1) depleting subcutaneous fascial fibroblasts or physically blocking subcutaneous fascial mobilization by placing a film beneath the skin resulted in chronic open wounds that fail to heal [23], and (2) the subcutaneous fascia becomes thinner with age [65], while the aged population is associated with a significant delay of wound healing and is subjected to a higher risk of developing nonhealing chronic wounds [66,67], we hypothesize that the key to understanding and clinically resolving non-healing wounds lies in modulating fascia mobility. However, at the moment, there is scarce clinical evidence that directly connects defects in subcutaneous fascia to chronic non-healing wounds, such as diabetic wounds, pressure ulcers, and venous leg ulcers, mainly because fascial research in wound healing is only at its infancy.…”

Section: Wound Repair By Subcutaneous Fasciamentioning

confidence: 99%

Furnishing Wound Repair by the Subcutaneous Fascia

Jiang

Rinkevich

2021

IJMS

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Mammals rapidly heal wounds through fibrous connective tissue build up and tissue contraction. Recent findings from mouse attribute wound healing to physical mobilization of a fibroelastic connective tissue layer that resides beneath the skin, termed subcutaneous fascia or superficial fascia, into sites of injury. Fascial mobilization assembles diverse cell types and matrix components needed for rapid wound repair. These observations suggest that the factors directly affecting fascial mobility are responsible for chronic skin wounds and excessive skin scarring. In this review, we discuss the link between the fascia’s unique tissue anatomy, composition, biomechanical, and rheologic properties to its ability to mobilize its tissue assemblage. Fascia is thus at the forefront of tissue pathology and a better understanding of how it is mobilized may crystallize our view of wound healing alterations during aging, diabetes, and fibrous disease and create novel therapeutic strategies for wound repair.

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Calculating the Thickness of the Superficial Fatty Layer of the Body Using Age, Gender, and Body Mass Index

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

The mobility of the superficial and deep midfacial fat compartments: An ultrasound‐based investigation

The mobility of the superficial and deep midfacial fat compartments: An ultrasound‐based investigation

Performing Distance Measurements in Curved Facial Regions: A Comparison between Three-Dimensional Surface Scanning and Ultrasound Imaging

Furnishing Wound Repair by the Subcutaneous Fascia

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