Calculating primary energy and carbon emission factors for the United States' energy sectors

Dixit, Manish; Culp, C.; Fernández-Solís, José L.

doi:10.1039/c4ra08989h

Cited by 35 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Other techniques such as sector disaggregation, the use of primary energy factors, and integration of human and capital energy are applied to improve further its specificity, accuracy and completeness, respectively. Dixit et al (2014aDixit et al ( , 2015 demonstrated the application of some of these techniques to an IOH model. If improved, IOH methods demonstrate excellent potential for enhanced completeness, reliability and specificity (Crawford, 2004;Dixit Fernández-Solís, Lavy, & Culp, 2010;Treloar, 1998).…”

Section: Embodied Energy Calculation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The current study aims at developing and improving an IOH embodied energy model using techniques such as process data insertion, sector disaggregation, and human and capital energy integration, as demonstrated by Dixit et al (2014aDixit et al ( , 2015. Using the improved model, the embodied energy of commonly used building materials is calculated to analyze the correlation of embodied energy and cost at the material level.…”

Section: Copiellomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The total energy embodied in a building over its life cycle contains initial (IEE), recurrent (REE) and demolition embodied energy (DEE) Rauf & Crawford, 2015). The IEE includes all energy consumed directly (e.g., in construction and transportation processes) and indirectly (e.g., construction materials) to construct a building (Dixit, Culp, & Fernández-Solís, 2014a;Langston, 2006). The total energy embodied in all construction materials and processes used in maintenance and replacement activities constitutes REE (Dixit, Culp, Fernández-Solís, & Lavy, 2014b;Rauf & Crawford, 2015).…”

Section: Embodied Energy Of Buildingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A set of primary energy factors (PEFs) can be computed and used to convert a secondary energy into primary energy (Dixit et al, 2014a). A PEF denotes all primary energy used or lost in generating and distributing a secondary energy source (Dixit et al, 2014a). A portion of the total electricity production also comes from nuclear and hydropower plants and other renewable sources such as biomass, geothermal, solar and wind.…”

Section: Io Model Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A secondary fuel or energy source is generated using the primary fuel. A set of primary energy factors (PEFs) can be computed and used to convert a secondary energy into primary energy (Dixit et al, 2014a). A PEF denotes all primary energy used or lost in generating and distributing a secondary energy source (Dixit et al, 2014a).…”

Section: Io Model Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Embodied energy and cost of building materials: correlation analysis

Dixit

2016

Building Research & Information

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The US building sector consumes 48% of the nation's annual energy as operating and embodied energy. Calculating embodied energy is difficult, complex and more resource-consuming than calculating operating energy due to a lack of complete, accurate and specific embodied energy data. One commonly used method to calculate embodied energy is input-output-based (IO) analysis, which utilizes economic data. The use of economic data indicates some relationship between embodied energy and cost. Some studies have investigated whether the embodied energy of a building can be predicted from its cost. These studies analyzed the relationship of the cost and embodied energy of a building and found a strong, positive correlation. However, when analyzed at the material level, the correlation weakened. This paper develops an improved input-output-based hybrid (IOH) model to calculate the complete, accurate and material-specific embodied energy of 21 commonly used building materials. After calculating and evaluating the embodied energy, the correlation of the embodied energy and cost of materials was analyzed. The results demonstrate a very strong and positive correlation between embodied energy and cost. In conclusion, more research may be required to predict embodied energy from cost data.

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Section: Embodied Energy Calculation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Copiellomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Embodied Energy Of Buildingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Io Model Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Io Model Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Embodied energy and cost of building materials: correlation analysis

Dixit

2016

Building Research & Information

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An intelligent fuzzy-based hybrid metaheuristic algorithm for analysis the strength, energy and cost optimization of building material in construction management

Ronghui

Liangrong²

2021

Engineering with Computers

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Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of High-Carbon Ferrochrome Production

Wei

Samuelsson

Jönsson

et al. 2023

JOM

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This work presents a process model developed based on mass and energy conservation to assess high carbon ferrochrome production from cradle to gate through four supply routes: (1) a conventional submerged arc furnace (SAF), (2) a closed submerged arc furnace with preheating (CSAF+PH), (3) a closed submerged arc furnace with 60% prereduction (CSAF+PR60%) and (4) a direct-current arc furnace (DCAF). The energy requirements are between 40 and 59 GJ/t FeCr (74–111 GJ/t Cr), and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions range between 1.8 and 5.5 tCO2-eq/t FeCr (3.3–10.3 tCO2-eq/t Cr). The upgrading of coal-powered SAF process to a closed furnace CSAF+PH and CSAF+PR60% contributes to an emission reduction of 23% and 18%, respectively. Moreover, the use of hydro-powered electricity leads to a further emission reduction of 68% and 47%, respectively. For CSAF+PR process, the GHG emissions can be reduced by 14% when increasing the pre-reduction ratio from 30% to 80% and decreased by 10% when charging hotter feed from 100 °C to 1000 °C. The proposed process model is feasible in generating site-specific inventory data and allowing for parameter studies as well as supporting companies to improve the transparency of the environmental performance in the FeCr value chain.

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Calculating primary energy and carbon emission factors for the United States' energy sectors

Abstract: In this paper, we identified and proposed methods to comprehensively calculate primary energy factors (PEFs) and carbon emission factors (CEFs) for the major fuels used in the United States' economy.

Cited by 35 publications

References 26 publications

Embodied energy and cost of building materials: correlation analysis

Embodied energy and cost of building materials: correlation analysis

An intelligent fuzzy-based hybrid metaheuristic algorithm for analysis the strength, energy and cost optimization of building material in construction management

Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of High-Carbon Ferrochrome Production

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