Calculated Cancer Risks for Conventional and “Potentially Reduced Exposure Product” Cigarettes

Pankow, James F.; Watanabe, Karen H.; Toccalino, Patricia L.; Luo, Wentai; Austin, Donald F.

doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0762

Cited by 51 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 20 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The in situ formation of TSNAs presents a specific concern about the hazards of THS. NNK is a strong carcinogen, with reported cancer potency of 49 kg mg −1 d −1 (10). It has been shown to induce mutations, DNA strand breaks, and oxidative damage under sunlight, in the absence of metabolic activation (31).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At approximately 0.05-0.25 g day −1 , the dust ingestion rate in infants is estimated to be more than twice that of adults (3). Moreover, considering that infants have a higher respiration rate (by a factor of 3-8) and a lower body weight than adults (by a factor of [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], low doses of TSNAs such as those reported in Table 2 may represent a potential long-term health hazard.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential thirdhand smoke hazards

Sleiman

Gundel

Pankow

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

365

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study shows that residual nicotine from tobacco smoke sorbed to indoor surfaces reacts with ambient nitrous acid (HONO) to form carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). Substantial levels of TSNAs were measured on surfaces inside a smoker's vehicle. Laboratory experiments using cellulose as a model indoor material yielded a >10-fold increase of surface-bound TSNAs when sorbed secondhand smoke was exposed to 60 ppbv HONO for 3 hours. In both cases we identified 1-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridinyl)-4-butanal, a TSNA absent in freshly emitted tobacco smoke, as the major product. The potent carcinogens 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone and N-nitroso nornicotine were also detected. Time-course measurements revealed fast TSNA formation, with up to 0.4% conversion of nicotine. Given the rapid sorption and persistence of high levels of nicotine on indoor surfaces-including clothing and human skin-this recently identified process represents an unappreciated health hazard through dermal exposure, dust inhalation, and ingestion. These findings raise concerns about exposures to the tobacco smoke residue that has been recently dubbed "thirdhand smoke." Our work highlights the importance of reactions at indoor interfaces, particularly those involving amines and NO x /HONO cycling, with potential health impacts.exposure | indoor environment | nitrosamine | nitrogen oxides | heterogeneous chemistry

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential thirdhand smoke hazards

Sleiman

Gundel

Pankow

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

365

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…23 We cannot, moreover, easily infer human risk from chemical measurements because no reliable toxicity indices exist. 24 A widespread school of thought in tobacco control holds that the very nature of tobacco combustion precludes safer cigarettes, and therefore attempts to develop them should be abandoned. 25 Alternatives promoted as safer may prove more dangerous, or they may be equally dangerous, leading to false or unsupported claims and to the misleading of the public Experience with potentially reduced exposure products in the past has revealed that products promoted by the tobacco industry as potentially safer have ended up either not being safer or resulted in increased toxicant exposures.…”

Section: Skepticism About the Role Of Combusted Products In Harm Redumentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy for tobacco control: A step forward or a repeat of past mistakes?

Cahn

Siegel

2010

J Public Health Pol

350

273

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The issue of harm reduction has long been controversial in the public health practice of tobacco control. Health advocates have been reluctant to endorse a harm reduction approach out of fear that tobacco companies cannot be trusted to produce and market products that will reduce the risks associated with tobacco use. Recently, companies independent of the tobacco industry introduced electronic cigarettes, devices that deliver vaporized nicotine without combusting tobacco. We review the existing evidence on the safety and efficacy of electronic cigarettes. We then revisit the tobacco harm reduction debate, with a focus on these novel products. We conclude that electronic cigarettes show tremendous promise in the fight against tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. By dramatically expanding the potential for harm reduction strategies to achieve substantial health gains, they may fundamentally alter the tobacco harm reduction debate.

show abstract

“…The rationale for undertaking this study is that the proposed assay will prove useful in evaluating the efficacy of filters of different designs and having diverse components. In this regard, it is noteworthy that during the past several years, novel cigarettes have been introduced to the market as potential reduced exposure products (PREPs) 5 – 7. Health claims by the manufacturers, stated or implied, have prompted an investigation of clinical and laboratory evaluations of PREPs, and comparison of the calculated cancer risks of the PREPs, often having unique filter designs, with conventional cigarettes 5 – 7.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this regard, it is noteworthy that during the past several years, novel cigarettes have been introduced to the market as potential reduced exposure products (PREPs) 5 – 7. Health claims by the manufacturers, stated or implied, have prompted an investigation of clinical and laboratory evaluations of PREPs, and comparison of the calculated cancer risks of the PREPs, often having unique filter designs, with conventional cigarettes 5 – 7. Further, it is theorised that the proposed assay will detect significant variations in the TPM retained by a filter of same brand cigarettes and, thereby, reflect differences in the technique and smoking behaviour of different individuals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectrofluorometric method for measuring tobacco smoke particulate matter on cigarette filters and Cambridge pads

Paszkiewicz

Pauly

2008

Tob Control

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Almost all cigarettes sold have a filter (United States, >98%; worldwide, >95%). In the last 25 years cigarette manufacturers have introduced diverse filters designed to reduce components in tobacco smoke. Today, there exists a need to establish assays to assess the efficacy of cigarette filters to retain total particulate matter (TPM), particularly unique filters of cigarettes that are being marketed as potential reduced exposure products (PREPs). We report the results of studies that were undertaken to test the hypothesis that a technique could be established for dissolving cigarette filters, and that the TPM in the fluid could be quantified by spectrofluorometry. Described here are procedures for assaying TPM on both Cambridge filter pads (glass fibres) of smoking machines and on cigarette filters (cellulose acetate fibres). The principle of the assays is based upon the observation that there exists a direct correlation between the amount of tobacco product emission TPM and fluorescence. In the absence of a tobacco tar or TPM standard, the fluorescent dye acridine orange was confirmed as a useful surrogate. Filters assayed included those of Kentucky reference cigarettes 2R4F and popular US brand cigarettes. The proposed assays are inexpensive, expedient, reproducible and amendable for large-scale studies.

show abstract

Calculated Cancer Risks for Conventional and “Potentially Reduced Exposure Product” Cigarettes

Abstract: Toxicant deliveries (by machine smoking) are compiled and associated cancer risks are calculated for 13 carcinogens from 26 brands of conventional cigarettes categorized as

Cited by 51 publications

References 20 publications

Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential thirdhand smoke hazards

Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential thirdhand smoke hazards

Electronic cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy for tobacco control: A step forward or a repeat of past mistakes?

Spectrofluorometric method for measuring tobacco smoke particulate matter on cigarette filters and Cambridge pads

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About