Calculated and Experimental Geometries and Infrared Spectra of Metal Tris-Acetylacetonates: Vibrational Spectroscopy as a Probe of Molecular Structure for Ionic Complexes. Part I
Abstract:The geometries and infrared spectra of the trivalent metal trisacetylacetonate complexes (M[O2C5H7]3) (M =
Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Al) have been calculated using nonlocal hybrid density functional theory (DFT)
with a split-valence plus polarization basis for the ligand and valence triple-ζ for the metal. These molecules
are uncharged, which facilitates the calculations, but at the same time are fairly ionic, resembling biologically
important metal complexes with “hard” ligands (O, N). DFT has been widely us… Show more
“…Refinement was tightly restrained, using noncrystallographic symmetry restraints, for the protein and Cr-acac3 moieties, in addition to normal geometric restraints. Geometric restraints for the Cr-acac3 moieties were derived from its crystal structure (48). Cross validation was performed throughout the refinement by computing free R values for 5% of the data, chosen randomly to cover the resolution range.…”
Despite three decades of extensive studies on human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major protein component in high-density lipoproteins, the molecular basis for its antiatherogenic function is elusive, in part because of lack of a structure of the full-length protein. We describe here the crystal structure of lipid-free apoA-I at 2.4 Å. The structure shows that apoA-I is comprised of an N-terminal four-helix bundle and two C-terminal helices. The N-terminal domain plays a prominent role in maintaining its lipid-free conformation, indicating that mutants with truncations in this region form inadequate models for explaining functional properties of apoA-I. A model for transformation of the lipid-free conformation to the high-density lipoprotein-bound form follows from an analysis of solvent-accessible hydrophobic patches on the surface of the structure and their proximity to the hydrophobic core of the four-helix bundle. The crystal structure of human apoA-I displays a hitherto-unobserved array of positively and negatively charged areas on the surface. Positioning of the charged surface patches relative to hydrophobic regions near the C terminus of the protein offers insights into its interaction with cell-surface components of the reverse cholesterol transport pathway and antiatherogenic properties of this protein. This structure provides a much-needed structural template for exploration of molecular mechanisms by which human apoA-I ameliorates atherosclerosis and inflammatory diseases.
“…Refinement was tightly restrained, using noncrystallographic symmetry restraints, for the protein and Cr-acac3 moieties, in addition to normal geometric restraints. Geometric restraints for the Cr-acac3 moieties were derived from its crystal structure (48). Cross validation was performed throughout the refinement by computing free R values for 5% of the data, chosen randomly to cover the resolution range.…”
Despite three decades of extensive studies on human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major protein component in high-density lipoproteins, the molecular basis for its antiatherogenic function is elusive, in part because of lack of a structure of the full-length protein. We describe here the crystal structure of lipid-free apoA-I at 2.4 Å. The structure shows that apoA-I is comprised of an N-terminal four-helix bundle and two C-terminal helices. The N-terminal domain plays a prominent role in maintaining its lipid-free conformation, indicating that mutants with truncations in this region form inadequate models for explaining functional properties of apoA-I. A model for transformation of the lipid-free conformation to the high-density lipoprotein-bound form follows from an analysis of solvent-accessible hydrophobic patches on the surface of the structure and their proximity to the hydrophobic core of the four-helix bundle. The crystal structure of human apoA-I displays a hitherto-unobserved array of positively and negatively charged areas on the surface. Positioning of the charged surface patches relative to hydrophobic regions near the C terminus of the protein offers insights into its interaction with cell-surface components of the reverse cholesterol transport pathway and antiatherogenic properties of this protein. This structure provides a much-needed structural template for exploration of molecular mechanisms by which human apoA-I ameliorates atherosclerosis and inflammatory diseases.
“…Comparable complexes with aluminium, for example, Al-A C H T U N G T R E N N U N G (acac) 3 (acac = acetylacetonate), are already known. [7][8][9] Related complexes of the rare-earth elements with [Tf 2 N] À as a ligand have also been reported, [5,[10][11][12][13] so it is plausible that the system AlCl 3 + [Tf 2 N] À should form similar compounds. The energetics of the overall reaction profile is given in Figure 2.…”
It is known that nano- or microcrystalline aluminium may be electrodeposited from mixtures of AlCl(3) and the ionic liquids 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ([BMP]Tf(2)N) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ([EMIm]Tf(2)N), and that two phases form with higher formal concentrations of AlCl(3) (at 1.6 mol L(-1) (x(Al)=0.33) and 2.5 mol L(-1) (x(Al)=0.39), respectively). This account analyzes the hitherto unknown molecular nature of these mixtures by a detailed experimental (multinuclear NMR and Raman spectroscopies) and theoretical study (BP86/TZVP DFT calculations, including COSMO solvation energies). The addition of AlCl(3) to the two liquids first leads to complexation with [Tf(2)N](-) and then disproportionation of the initial [AlCl(x)(Tf(2)N)(y)](-) complexes give Al(Tf(2)N)(3) and [AlCl(4)](-). At high concentrations of AlCl(3), the lower phase consists almost completely of Al(Tf(2)N)(3), whereas in the upper phase [AlCl(4)](-) is the dominant species. Electrodeposition of aluminium in the upper phase occurs from mixed AlCl(x)(Tf(2)N)(y) species, most likely from [AlCl(2)(Tf(2)N)(2)](-) formed in small concentrations at the phase boundary between the [AlCl(4)](-) and the Al(Tf(2)N)(3) layers. All the findings are supported by DFT calculations as well as an X-ray crystal structure determination of Al(Tf(2)N)(3). The latter was separated from the mixture by sublimation on a preparative scale. It was independently prepared from AlEt(3) and HNTf(2) and fully characterized. Moreover, the ionic liquids [BMP]AlCl(4) (m.p. 74 degrees C) and [EMIm]AlCl(4) (m.p. -7 degrees C), which mainly form the upper layer in the biphasic regime, were independently prepared and also fully characterized.
“…All EFG and chemical shielding calculations were implemented using the Gaussian 98 package. [30] Among the different crystal structures of Al(acac) 3 , we used the more recent ones of the α and γ polymorphs determined at room temperature in our calculations [Refs [8,11] (molecule A)]. We did not use the most recent X-ray structures because they have not been carried out at room temperature as the NMR experiment has been.…”
(27)Al, (17)O and (13)C chemical shieldings of aluminum acetylacetonate complex, Al(acac)(3), were calculated at some Density Functional Theory (DFT) levels of theory. In these calculations the X-ray structures of its different polymorphs were used. Using these calculated data observed discrepancies between the X-ray crystallography and solid state NMR experiment were explained in terms of the quality of the NMR data. In this survey we resorted to the simulated spectra using our calculated chemical shifts. In order to confirm our conclusions, electric field gradient (EFG) tensors of the (27)Al and (17)O nuclei were calculated at the same levels of theory as used in the chemical shielding calculations. On the other hand, these calculated chemical shifts and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants (NQCCs) made a correlation between X-ray crystallography and solid state NMR experiments.
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