Calcium sustained release, pH changes and cell viability induced by chitosan-based pastes for apexification

Abstract

We explored chitosan-based sustained release pastes for apexification. The study aimed to formulate chitosan-based pastes loaded with calcium hydroxide (CH) or with calcium chloride (CC), and to evaluate the sustained release of Ca and pH changes in deionized water as well as the effect of the pastes on cell viability. The pastes were formulated by dissolution of the chitosan in 1% or 2% acetic acid (AAC) plus the addition of CH or CC, then were suspended in deionized water for 50 days; the released Ca(II) and pH were measured with an electrode probe. The effect of the pastes on viability of human dental pulp cells was evaluated with a MTS assay. The results showed that the pastes prepared with 1% and 2% AAC and loaded with CH released a 74.9% and a 76.1% of the Ca content, respectively, while the pastes prepared with 1% and 2% AAC loaded with CC released a content of Ca of 90.8% and 76.6%, respectively. A control paste (CH and polyethylene glycol) released a 95.4%; significant statistical differences were found between the percentage of the experimental pastes and the control. The CH-loaded pastes caused an alkaline pH at the starting of the study, but the pH became neutral at the ending. The pH of the CC-loaded pastes was neutral at the starting and was acid at the ending. The pastes no affected on the cell viability. The chitosan-based pastes showed a suitable sustained release profile and cytocompatibility.

Strength, Carbonation Resistance, and Chloride-Ion Penetrability of Cement Mortars Containing Catechol-Functionalized Chitosan Polymer

“…According to previous investigations [46][47][48] and our own study of the interaction mechanism, hydroxyl or amino groups of the CCP seem to participate in cross-linking or This trend was more pronounced after 28 days. Specifically, while the 28-day compressive strength of the control sample was approximately 41.4 MPa, those of all the CPW samples were in the range of 44.0-49.8 MPa, indicating that they all had relatively higher compressive strengths than the control sample.…”

“…According to previous investigations [ 46 , 47 , 48 ] and our own study of the interaction mechanism, hydroxyl or amino groups of the CCP seem to participate in cross-linking or chelation reactions under certain basic conditions, such as the presence of Ca(OH) 2 solution. These processes could be promoted to make the polymer more rigid through interactions among many functional groups in a high-concentration polymer solution.…”

Chitosan-Based Accelerated Portland Cement Promotes Dentinogenic/Osteogenic Differentiation and Mineralization Activity of SHED

“…Our results revealed that expression of dentinogenic markers DSPP, MEPE and DMP-1 , which have a role in early odontoblastic differentiation and late dentin mineralization [ 42 ], was upregulated in SHED treated with CT-containing materials in long-term culture and was higher than that in APC in APC-0.6%CT and APC-2.5%CT groups, indicating the enhancement effect of CT on odontogenic differentiation. The protonated free amino and hydroxyl groups of CT that are released after dissolving and form ionic complexes with a wide variety of spices may be responsible for the effects [ 43 , 44 ]. PC and MTA have been reported to stimulate the expression of DSPP and DMP-1 in hDPSCs on day 14 [ 14 ], and the incorporation of 5% CaCl 2 into MTA improved DSPP expression [ 45 ].…”

Nanoparticles in Dentistry: A Comprehensive Review

“…Chitosan can increase the antibacterial efficacy, bond strength, and penetration of root canal sealers, directly or indirectly [ 48 , 64 , 65 , 66 ]. In addition, some studies suggest that chitosan could be used as an auxiliary for procedures such as apexification [ 67 ], endodontic retreatment [ 68 ], pulp-capping [ 46 , 69 , 70 , 71 ], and pulpotomy [ 72 ], although it was not able to induce apexogenesis in immature necrotic permanent teeth [ 73 ] or to form new mineralized tissues along the root canal walls of immature dog teeth with apical periodontitis [ 74 ].…”